Effectiveness of Fertility Awareness–Based Methods for Pregnancy Prevention: A Systematic Review
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To summarize best available prospective data on typical and perfect use effectiveness of fertility awareness–based methods for avoiding pregnancy. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a systematic review of studies published in English, Spanish, French, or German by June 2017 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed 8,755 unique citations and included 53 studies that contained 50 or greater women using a specific fertility awareness–based method to avoid pregnancy, calculated life table pregnancy probabilities or Pearl rates, and prospectively measured pregnancy intentions and outcomes. We systematically evaluated study quality. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of 53 included studies, we ranked 0 high quality, 21 moderate quality, and 32 low quality for our question of interest. Among moderate-quality studies, first-year typical use pregnancy rates or probabilities per 100 woman-years varied widely: 11.2–14.1 for the Standard Days Method, 13.7 for the TwoDay Method, 10.5–33.6 for the Billings Ovulation Method, 4–18.5 for the Marquette Mucus-only Method, 9.0–9.8 for basal body temperature methods, 13.2 for single-check symptothermal methods, 11.2–33.0 for Thyma double-check symptothermal methods, 1.8 for Sensiplan, 25.6 for Persona, 2–6.8 for the Marquette Monitor-only Method, and 6–7 for the Marquette Monitor and Mucus Method. First-year perfect use pregnancy rates or probabilities among moderate-quality studies were 4.8 for the Standard Days Method, 3.5 for the TwoDay Method, 1.1–3.4 for the Billings Ovulation Method, 2.7 for the Marquette Mucus Method, 0.4 for Sensiplan, 12.1 for Persona, and 0 for the Marquette Monitor. CONCLUSION: Studies on the effectiveness of each fertility awareness–based method are few and of low to moderate quality. Pregnancy rates or probabilities varied widely across different fertility awareness–based methods (and in some cases, within method types), even after excluding low-quality studies. Variability across populations studied precludes comparisons across methods.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fertility awareness based apps are becoming increasingly popular for contraception and pregnancy planning.
“and they are becoming increasingly popular for contraception14–17 and pregnancy planning.18”
From Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies
Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D'Amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., Petticrew, M., & Altman, D. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7270 · Cited by 2,907 · see citing works
The Hazards of Scoring the Quality of Clinical Trials for Meta-analysis
Jüni, P. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1054 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Harris, R., Helfand, M., Woolf, S. H., Lohr, K. N., Mulrow, C. D., Teutsch, S. M., & Atkins, D. C. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00261-6 · Cited by 1,720 · see citing works
Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., & Baird, D. D. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199512073332301 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth
Kost, K., Singh, S. D., Vaughan, B., Trussell, J., & Bankole, A. (2007) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.013 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Sundaram, A., Vaughan, B., Kost, K., Bankole, A., Finer, L. B., Singh, S. D., & Trussell, J. (2017) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1363/psrh.12017 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Dunson, D. B., Baird, D. D., Wilcox, A. J., & Weinberg, C. R. (1999) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Frank‐Herrmann, P., Heil, J., Gnoth, C., Toledo, E., Baur, S., Pyper, C., Jenetzky, E., Strowitzki, T., & Freundl, G. (2007) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dem003 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method
Arévalo, M., Jennings, V. H., & Sinaï, I. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00288-3 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
World Health Organization (1981) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45856-5 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
ACUTE PSYCHOSIS AFTER MEFLOQUINE
Stuiver, P. C. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90474-1 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Understanding contraceptive failure
Trussell, J. (2009) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.11.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Contraceptive Failure of the Ovulation Method of Periodic Abstinence
Trussell, J., & Grummer‐Strawn, L. M. (1990) · Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.2307/2135511 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Efficacy of the new TwoDay Method of family planning
Arévalo, M., Jennings, V. H., Nikula, M., & Sinaï, I. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.040 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A FIELD TRIAL OF THE BASAL-BODY-TEMPERATURE METHOD OF REGULATING BIRTHS
Marshall, J. (1968) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92886-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fertility awareness-based mobile application for contraception
Scherwitzl, E. B., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Sellberg, J. A., & Scherwitzl, R. (2016) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2016.1154143 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Methodological pitfalls in the analysis of contraceptive failure
Trussell, J. (1991) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780100206 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Further analysis of contraceptive failure of the ovulation method
Trussell, J., & Grummer‐Strawn, L. M. (1991) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90581-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Personal hormone monitoring for contraception.
Bonnar, J., Flynn, A., Freundl, G., Kirkman, R., Royston, R., & Snowden, R. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
World Health Organization (1981) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45671-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Pregnancy Probabilities During Use of the Creighton Model Fertility Care System
Howard, M. P. (1999) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.8.5.391 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Manhart, M. D., Duane, M., Lind, A., Sinaï, I., & Golden-Tevald, J. (2013) · Osteopathic Family Physician · doi:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility-awareness-based methods of family planning
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., Raviele, K. M., Rodriguez, D. M., & Pruszynski, J. E. (2012) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies.
Trussell, J., Hatcher, R. A., Cates, W., Stewart, F. H., & Kost, K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Creighton Model NaProEducation Technology for avoiding pregnancy. Use effectiveness.
Hilgers, T. W., & Stanford, J. B. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationA TRIAL OF THE OVULATION METHOD OF FAMILY PLANNING IN TONGA
Weissmann, M. C., Foliaki, L., Billings, E. L., & Billings, J. J. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92164-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cycle characteristics after discontinuation of oral contraceptives
Gnoth, C., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Schmoll, A., Godehardt, E., & Freundl, G. (2002) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/gye.16.4.307.317 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A randomized prospective study of the use-effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning
Wade, M. E., McCarthy, P., Braunstein, G. D., Abernathy, J. R., Suchindran, C. M., Harris, G. S., Danzer, H. C., & Uricchio, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(81)90597-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lynch, C. D.-J., Jackson, L. W., & Louis, G. M. B. (2006) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2006.00765.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Grimes, D. A., Gallo, M. F., Grigorieva, V., Nanda, K., & Schulz, K. F. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.03.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., Raviele, K. M., & Barron, M. L. (2007) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.000129.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
European multicenter study of natural family planning (1989–1995): efficacy and drop-out
Groups, T. E. N. F. P. S. (1999) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1023/a:1006691730298 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Measuring Contraceptive Effectiveness: A Conceptual Framework
Steiner, M. J. (1996) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00251-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Being strategic about contraceptive introduction: the experience of the Standard Days Method®
Gribble, J. N., Lundgren, R., Velasquez, C., & Anastasi, E. (2008) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.11.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effectiveness and acceptability of the sYmptothermal method of natural family planning in Germany
Frank‐Herrmann, P., Freundl, G., Baur, S., Bremme, M., Döring, G. K., Godehardt, E. A. J., & Sottong, U. (1991) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90580-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Use-effectiveness and client satisfaction in six centers teaching the billings ovulation method
Klaus, H., Goebel, J. M., Muraski, B., Egizio, M. T., Weitzel, D., Taylor, R. S., Fagan, M. U., Ek, K., & Hobday, K. (1979) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(79)90008-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Efficacy of a New Postpartum Transition Protocol for Avoiding Pregnancy
Bouchard, T. P., Fehring, R. J., & Schneider, M. (2013) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2013.01.120126 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
EFFICACY OF THE MARQUETTE METHOD OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., & Barron, M. L. (2008) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nmc.0000341254.80426.32 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Use Effectiveness of the Creighton Model Ovulation Method of Natural Family Planning
Fehring, R. J., Lawrence, D. M., & Philpot, C. (1994) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1994.tb01881.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Frank‐Herrmann, P., Freundl, G., Gnoth, C., Godehardt, E., Kunert, J., Baur, S., & Sottong, U. (1997) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1023/a:1006551921219 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Clinical Effectiveness of the Rhythm Method of Contraception
Tietze, C., Poliakoff, S. R., & Rock, J. A. (1951) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)30664-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Natural family planning effectiveness: evaluating published reports
Lamprecht, V. M., & Trussell, J. (1997) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1023/a:1006595703472 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A prospective field trial of the ‘ovulation method’ of avoiding conception
Ball, M. (1976) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/0028-2243(76)90004-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Timing of Sexual Intercourse in Relation to Ovulation
Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., & Baird, D. D. (1996) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199606000-00016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the sympto-thermal method of natural family planning: an international study.
Rice, F. J., Lanctot, C. A., & Garcia-Devesa, C. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The modified mucus method in India
Dorairaj, K. (1991) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90584-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ovulation method use during breastfeeding: Is there increased risk of unplanned pregnancy?
Labbok, M. H., Stallings, R. Y., Shah, F., Pérez, A., Klaus, H., Jacobson, M. L., & Muruthi, T. (1991) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90574-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Published analysis of contraceptive effectiveness of Daysy and DaysyView app is fatally flawed
Polis, C. B. (2018) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0560-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationProspective european multi-center study of natural family planning (1989–1992): Interim results
Groups, T. E. N. F. P. S. (1993) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01983204 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparative evaluation of two methods of natural family planning in Colombia
Medina, J. E., Cifuentes, A., Abernathy, J. R., Spieler, J., & Wade, M. E. (1980) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)32781-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Field trial of Billings Ovulation Method of natural family planning
INDIANCOUNCILOFMEDICALRESEARCH (1996) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(95)00269-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wade, M. E., McCarthy, P., Abernathy, J. R., Harris, G. S., Danzer, H. C., & Uricchio, W. A. (1979) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(79)90642-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Assessing the Efficacy of an App-Based Method of Family Planning: The Dot Study Protocol
Simmons, R. G., Shattuck, D. C., & Jennings, V. H. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.6886 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pilot Evaluation of an Internet‐Based Natural Family Planning Education and Service Program
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., & Raviele, K. M. (2011) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01237.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Use-effectiveness of the ovulation method initiated during postpartum breastfeeding
Pérez, A., Labbok, M. H., Barker, D. C., & Gray, R. H. (1988) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(88)90154-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cohort comparison of two fertility awareness methods of family planning.
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., Barron, M. L., & Raviele, K. M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
IT’S ALL IN THE TIMING: COITAL FREQUENCY AND FERTILITY AWARENESS-BASED METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Sinaï, I., & Arévalo, M. (2005) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932005027227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Über die Zuverlässigkeit der Temperaturmethode zur Empfängnisverhütung
Döring, G. K. (1967) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1103790 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Efficacy of Three Variations of Periodic Abstinence for Family Planning in Indonesia
Thapa, S., Wonga, M. V., Lampe, P. G., Pietojo, H., & Soejoenoes, A. (1990) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1966921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Billings natural family planning in Shanghai, China
Xu, J., Yan, J. H., Fan, D., & Zhang, D. W. (1994) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01983351 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Calendar rhythm efficacy: a review
Kambic, R. T., & Lamprecht, V. M. (1996) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01849633 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Continued use of the Standard Days Method®
Sinaï, I., Lundgren, R., & Gribble, J. N. (2011) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2011-100097 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Influence of Motivation on the Efficacy of Natural Family Planning
Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., Barron, M. L., & Pruszynski, J. E. (2013) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0b013e3182a1ecc0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spong, C., Sherer, D. M., Ghidini, A., Jenkins, C., Seydel, F., & Eglinton, G. S. (1996) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00110-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nandedkar, T., Kadam, A. L., & MOODBIDRI, S. B. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cohort Efficacy Study of Natural Family Planning among Perimenopause Age Women
Fehring, R. J., & Mu, Q. (2014) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12307 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Use-effectiveness of the Creighton Model of NFP.
Doud, J. M. (1985) · International review of natural family planning · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Standard-Rule Method of Calendar Rhythm among Mayan Couples in Guatemala
Burkhart, M. C., de Mazariegos, L., Salazar, S., & Lamprecht, V. M. (2000) · International Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.2307/2648302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Natural Family Planning Service Program
Fehring, R. J., & Schneider, M. (2016) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000296 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
CERVICAL-MUCUS AND BASAL BODY-TEMPERATURE METHOD OF REGULATING BIRTHS Field Trial
Marshall, J. (1976) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90732-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Contraceptive application of The Bioself fertility indicator
Drouin, J. (1994) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90068-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Klaus, H., Goebel, J. M., Woods, R. E., Castles, M. R., & Zimny, G. H. (1977) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42851-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
TwoDay Method: a quick-start approach
Jennings, V. H., Sinaï, I., Carbajo, L. E. S., & Lundgren, R. (2011) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An evaluation of the Bioself 110 electronic fertility indicator as a contraceptive aid
Flynn, A., Pulcrano, J., Royston, P. J., & Spieler, J. (1991) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90113-t · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Natural family planning effectiveness in Belgium
de Leizaola-Cordonnier, A. (1995) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01987281 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the Temperature Rhythm System of Contraception
Bartzen, P. J. (1967) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)36432-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Bridge for postpartum women to Standard Days Method®
Sinaï, I., & Cachan, J. (2012) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.11.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contraception and the Effectiveness of the Ovulation Method in India
Mascarenhas, M. M., Lobo, A., & Ramesh, A. S. (1979) · Tropical Doctor · doi:10.1177/004947557900900432 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kursun, Z., Çalı, Ş., & Sakarya, S. (2014) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.890181 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effect of Personal Factors on the Use of the Basal Body Temperature Method of Regulating Births
Marshall, J., & Rowe, B. C. (1972) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)39008-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Trial of a new method of natural family planning in Liberia
Kambic, R. T., Lanctot, C. A., & Wesley, R. (1994) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01978104 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dicker, D., Wachsman, Y., Feldberg, D., Ashkenazi, J., Yeshaya, A., & Goldman, J. A. (1989) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90055-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
[Analysis of natural family planning failures. In 7007 cycles of use].
Écochard, R., Pinguet, F., Ecochard, I., De Gouvello, R., Guy, M., & Huy, F. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Leizaola, M. A. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fleck, S., Snedeker, E. F., & Rock, J. A. (1940) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm194012192232502 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lanctot, R. F., & Garcia-devasa, C. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The natural family planning programme in Bangladesh.
Gomes, I., & Congdon, D. E. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Are Quality Assessment Methods Any Good?
Hodges, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2004.03.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Use-effectiveness of fertility awareness among the urban poor.
Dorairaj, K. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
[Contraception per computer. Hormone system persona--results of studies in Germany].
Freundl, G., Bonnar, J., Flynn, A., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Kirkmann, R., & Snowden, R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stanford, J. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAn evaluation of the use-effectiveness of fertility awareness methods of family planning
Weeks, J. R. (1982) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932000013833 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Analyzing contraceptive failure.
Trussell, J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles
Bull, J. R., Rowland, S. P., Scherwitzl, E. B., Scherwitzl, R., Danielsson, K. G., & Harper, J. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0152-7 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
CE: An Evidence-Based Update on Contraception
Britton, L. E., Alspaugh, A., Greene, M. Z., & McLemore, M. R. (2020) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000654304.29632.a7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationContraception in the Era of COVID-19
Nanda, K., Lebetkin, E., Steiner, M. J., Yacobson, I., & Dorflinger, L. J. (2020) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00119 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Assessment of menstrual health status and evolution through mobile apps for fertility awareness
Symul, L., Wac, K., Hillard, P. J. A., & Salathé, M. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0139-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods for Women's Health and Family Planning
Duane, M., Stanford, J. B., Porucznik, C. A., & Pilar Vigil, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.858977 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationFertility awareness-based methods of family planning
Simmons, R. G., & Jennings, V. H. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Jennings, V., Haile, L. T., Simmons, R. G., Spieler, J., & Shattuck, D. (2019) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2019.1581164 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Genazzani, A. R., Fidecicchi, T., Arduini, D., Giannini, A., & Simoncini, T. (2023) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2023.2247093 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fertility awareness based methods for pregnancy prevention
Urrutia, R. P., & Polis, C. B. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4245 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent progress in advanced biomaterials for long-acting reversible contraception
Yan, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Li, Y., Dou, K., Wang, B., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01329-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Published analysis of contraceptive effectiveness of Daysy and DaysyView app is fatally flawed
Polis, C. B. (2018) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0560-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPearson, J. T., Chelstowska, M., Rowland, S. P., Benhar, E., Kallner, H. K., Scherwitzl, E. B., Acuna, J. M., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., & Scherwitzl, R. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8547 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Najmabadi, S., Schliep, K. C., Simonsen, S. E., Porucznik, C. A., Egger, M. J., & Stanford, J. B. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deab049 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBouchard, T. P., Fehring, R. J., & Mu, Q. (2021) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2021.2000393 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Natural Cycles app: contraceptive outcomes and demographic analysis of UK users
Pearson, J. T., Chelstowska, M., Rowland, S. P., McIlwaine, E., Benhar, E., Berglund, E., Walker, S. H., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., & Scherwitzl, R. (2021) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2020.1867844 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chabbert‐Buffet, N., Marret, H., Agostini, A., Cardinale, C., Hamdaoui, N., Hassoun, D., Jonville‐Béra, A. ‐., Lambert, M., Linet, T., Pienkowski, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.04.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
mHealth and its application in menstrual related issues: a systematic review
Kalampalikis, A., Chatziioannou, S. S., Πρωτόπαπας, Α., Gerakini, A., & Michala, L. (2021) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2021.1980873 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
van Velsen, E. F. S., Leung, A. M., & Korevaar, T. I. M. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kleinschmidt, T. K., Bull, J. R., Lavorini, V., Rowland, S. P., Pearson, J. T., Scherwitzl, E. B., Scherwitzl, R., & Gemzell‐Danielsson, K. (2019) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2019.1682544 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
McNee, R., McCulloch, H., Lohr, P. A., & Glasier, A. F. (2025) · BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health · doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2024-202573 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cartwright, A. F., Lawton, Brunie, A., & Callahan (2020) · International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1363/46e9720 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Types of Lifetime Reproductive Coercion and Current Contraceptive Use
Skračić, I., Lewin, A. B., & Steinberg, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8784 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dudouet, L. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100261 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Akoku, D. A., Vukugah, T. A., Tihnje, M. A., & Nzubepie, I. B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276270 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Estimating six-cycle efficacy of the Dot app for pregnancy prevention
Jennings, V. H., Haile, L. T., Simmons, R. G., Fultz, H. M., & Shattuck, D. C. (2018) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.10.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Advances in microneedle patches for long-acting contraception
Jiang, X., Zeng, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, C., & Li, W. Z. (2023) · Acta Materia Medica · doi:10.15212/amm-2022-0042 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brewer, M., & Stevens, L. (2021) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Méthodes de contraception naturelle et méthodes barrières. RPC contraception CNGOF
Hassoun, D. (2018) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2018.10.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Implementation and Scale-Up of the Standard Days Method of Family Planning: A Landscape Analysis
Weis, J., & Festin, M. (2020) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00287 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evaluation of Mobile Applications Intended to Aid in Conception Using a Systematic Review Framework
Hutcherson, T. C., Cieri‐Hutcherson, N. E., Donnelly, P. J., Feneziani, M. L., & Grisanti, K. M. R. (2019) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028019876890 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Turner, J. (2020) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14593 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Contraception : Recommandations pour la Pratique Clinique du CNGOF (texte court)
Chabbert‐Buffet, N., Marret, H., Agostini, A., Cardinale, C., Hamdaoui, N., Hassoun, D., Jonville‐Béra, A. ‐., Lambert, M., Linet, T., Pienkowski, C., et al. (2018) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2018.10.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Webb, S., Cheng, A., Simmons, R. G., Urrutia, R. P., Jennings, V. H., & Witt, J. S. (2020) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2020.0065 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Multisite Effectiveness Study of the Marquette Method of Natural Family Planning Program
Mu, Q., Fehring, R. J., & Bouchard, T. P. (2020) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0024363920957515 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reversible female contraceptives: historical, current, and future perspectives
Barton, B. E., Erickson, J. A., Allred, S., Jeffries, J. M., Stephens, K. K., Hunter, M. I., Woodall, K. A., & Winuthayanon, W. (2023) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioad154 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Use of non-medical contraceptive methods: a survey of women in western Sweden
Nilsson, A., Ahlborg, T., & Bernhardsson, S. (2018) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2018.1541079 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Redmond, J. J., Jensen, E. T., Stanford, J. B., Greene, M. E., Kennedy, E. J., & Urrutia, R. P. (2022) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2022.06.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationObelenienė, B., Narbekovas, A., & Juškevičius, J. (2019) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0024363919886517 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Duane, M., Martinez, V., Berry, M., & Manhart, M. D. (2022) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100061 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding the perspective of women who use the Billings Ovulation Method®: a focus group study
Ayala‐Ramirez, M., Grewe, M. E., Kaiser, J., Kennedy, E. J., Winn, M., & Urrutia, R. P. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02398-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationUsala, S. J., Vineyard, D. D., Kastis, M., Trindade, A. A., & Gill, H. S. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60081207 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Luo, C. W., Su, Y.-F., Ren, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, R., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Hao, Y., Zhang, A., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2025.104795 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genazzani, A. R., Fidecicchi, T., Arduini, D., Benagiano, G., Birkhaeuser, M. H., Schenker, J. G., Strauss, J. F., Awad, D. V., Arnal, J., Bahamondes, L. G., et al. (2025) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2025.2543423 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Strengthening Integrated Approaches for Family Planning and Menstrual Health
Hoppes, E., Rademacher, K. H., Wilson, L., Mahajan, T. D., Wilson, K., Sommer, M., Solomon, M., & Lathrop, E. (2023) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-23-00080 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Contraception, Fertility Tracking, and the Limits of Medical Devices Regulation
McMillan, C. A. W. (2023) · Law Technology and Humans · doi:10.5204/lthj.3047 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ibeziako, O. J. (2022) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00243639221078070 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Swan, L. E. T., McDonald, S. E., & Price, S. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14094 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A termékenységtudatosságon alapuló módszerek lehetőségei a családtervezésben
Kovács, Z., Bálint, B., Keszthelyi, M., Vizer, A., Kállay, C., & Szőke, H. (2024) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2024.33044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pedersen, E. S., Mikkelsen, E. M., Sørensen, H. T., Hatch, E. E., Wise, L. A., Rothman, K. J., Stanford, J. B., & Laursen, A. S. D. (2024) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.13108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMalliou-Becher, M.-N., Herrmann, P. M., Freis, A., Freundl-Schütt, T., Wallwiener, L.-M., Baur, S., Fehring, R. J., Gnoth, C., Mallios, A., Strowitzki, T., et al. (2026) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deag057 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stanford, J. B., Duane, M., & Simmons, R. G. (2023) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00243639231212440 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding Fertile Window: A Key to Pregnancy as well as Contraception
Tiwari, P. K., Kadiri, S. K., Dubey, P., Singh, D., Khobragade, D. S., & Sahu, P. K. (2024) · Current Women s Health Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115734048282403240101112918 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
S2k-Guideline Non-hormonal Contraception, Part 2: Intrauterine Devices and Sterilization
Böttcher, B., Beckermann, M. J., Berger, B., Cremers, J. F., D’Costa, E., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Freundl-Schütt, T., Friedrich, C., Funck, S., Gathmann, C., et al. (2024) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2317-8993 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Böttcher, B., Beckermann, M. J., Berger, B., Cremers, J. F., D’Costa, E., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Freundl-Schütt, T., Friedrich, C., Funck, S., Gathmann, C., et al. (2024) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2317-9133 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficacy of Natural Family Planning Methods
Fehring, R. J. (2019) · Ethics & Medics · doi:10.5840/em2019441217 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Algera, E., Leusink, P., Gerrits, T., Pols, J. J., & Ravesloot, J. H. (2024) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2024.2302435 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Contraceptive effectiveness: A synthesis of the literature
Polis, C. B., Bradley, S. E. K., Micks, E., & Steiner, M. J. (2025) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2025.111282 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCastillo, A., Huete, M. E., Errasti, T., & de Lema, G. P. (2022) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00243639211070773 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shapiro, M. P., Stowers, P. N., & Raidoo, S. (2023) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000809 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Saugar, E. E., Katsoulos, S., Kim, H., Fakharzadeh, N., Schaffer, J., Ahmad, M., Zeher, C., Benedict, M., Gupta, S., & Foster-Moumoutjis, G. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48847 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Igben-Pender, C. E., Omemo, P., & Ngwena, G. (2024) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihae063 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Badr, M. (2025) · Medicina y Ética · doi:10.36105/mye.2025v36n2.05 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huete, M. E., Castillo, A. B. D., Marcos, H., Vargas, J., de Lema, G. P., & Baños, I. (2019) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443615.2019.1634029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lau, B.-T., Subaramaniam, D.-K., Teen, J.-S., Ramasamy, K.-D., Che-Pa, M.-F., Maarof, M.-F., Razak, N.-H.-N. A., Salihoudin, N.-I.-F., Ng, S.-Y., Abdull-Kahar, S.-A., et al. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.52494/zdqd3721 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Delbaere, I., & Stern, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31753-9_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods
Bitzer, J. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108961110.012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Physician Dispositions Toward Noninvasive Non-Hormonal Contraception
Davidson, A., & Butler, F. (2023) · Kansas Journal of Medicine · doi:10.17161/kjm.vol16.18958 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Evaluation of Controversial Statements in Etica Teologica Della Vita
Šeman, E. I., Mathieson, E. M., Villa, U. P., Little, D. T., Juanta, R. D., Corby, P. M., Fleming, J. I., & Purcell, B. (2024) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00243639241245316 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods for Family Planning: A Systematic Review
Bassas, R. A., Alharbi, M. S., & Harbi, S. S. A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.86233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An opportunity for guidance on reproductive health tracking technologies in a post-Roe United States
Katznelson, G., McNamara, I. F., & Shachar, C. (2025) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2025.111013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stanford, J. B., Najmabadi, S., Chang, C.-P. E., Agyemang, D. O., Rivet, K. M., & Porucznik, C. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of a salivary progesterone-based fertility awareness contraceptive method
Adornetto, G., Caglio, G., Whitehouse, K., Dolati, S., Dax, A., Wedemeyer, R., Warnke, A., Rautenberg, T., & Rapti, E. (2025) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2025.111304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contraceptive effectiveness of a digital contraceptive with a wearable device vs an oral thermometer
van Lamsweerde, A., Nelson, A. L., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Scherwitzl, E. B., Scherwitzl, R., Krauss, K., & Benhar, E. (2026) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2026.2671267 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bockshecker, A., Nissen, A., & Smolnik, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71385-9_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sicherheit, Akzeptanz und Anwendermerkmale
Raith-Paula, E., & Frank‐Herrmann, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59311-0_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lilian, B., & Izudi, J. (2023) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v23i4.49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Danna, K., Harris, D. M., Rothschild, C. W., Brogaard, B., LaCroix, E., & Paudel, M. (2024) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/sifp.12265 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Republication de : Contraception : Recommandations pour la Pratique Clinique du CNGOF (texte court)
Chabbert‐Buffet, N., Marret, H., Agostini, A., Cardinale, C., Hamdaoui, N., Hassoun, D., Jonville‐Béra, A. ‐., Lambert, M., Linet, T., Pienkowski, C., et al. (2019) · Sages-Femmes · doi:10.1016/j.sagf.2019.01.004
Fertility Awareness Method/Natural Family Planning
Brink-Cymerman, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28884-6_15
The Use of NFP When Pregnancy Is Contraindicated?
Aznar, J., & Tudela, J. (2020) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0024363920902631
Current Resources for Evidence‐Based Practice, July/August 2020
Barger, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13147
Zia, Y., Velloza, J., Oluoch, L. M., Momanyi, R., Mbugua, S., Njoroge, J., Gakuo, S., Mugo, E., Thuo, N. B., Kiptinness, C., et al. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01128-5
Acuna, J. M. (2021) · Trends in andrology and sexual medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70932-7_6
(2019) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003142
Digitised Fertility: The Use of Fertility Awareness Apps as a Form of ContraceptionPreprint
Dudouet, L. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3948791
Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Acuna, J. M., & Kallner, H. K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108961097.013
Knowledge of OBGYN Residents of Fertility Awareness Based Methods of Family Planning
Damba-Cunningham, E., Nolan, W., & Borland, A. (2025) · Journal of Restorative Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.63264/vn859v14
Contraceptive knowledge and utilization among adolescent girls in Indonesia
Munira, L., Viwattanakulvanid, P., Nugroho, P. S., Afifah, T., Suparmi, S., Sulistiyowati, N., Purwatiningsih, Y., Masitoh, S., Oktarina, O., & Ulfa, Y. (2025) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/s41271-025-00581-x
Manhart, M. D., & Fehring, R. J. (2025) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00243639251347842
Droog, E., Burgers, C. F., van Huijstee, D., & Vermeulen, I. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2560034
Ayala‐Ramirez, M., Grewe, M., Kaiser, J., Kennedy, E. J., Winn, M., & Urrutia, R. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588256
Self-citationAyala‐Ramirez, M., Grewe, M., Kaiser, J., Kennedy, E. J., Winn, M., & Urrutia, R. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588253
Self-citationFertility Awareness-Based Method/Natural Family Planning
Brink-Cymerman, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07061-6_12
History and Use of Fertility Awareness-Based Methods
Urrutia, R. P. (2026) · Reproductive medicine for clinicians · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07322-8_6
Effectiveness of tracking cycle mobile applications as a contraceptive Method: A systematic review
da Silva, M. R., Filho, E. S. F., Campanharo, F. F., Meletti, N. F. T., Luiz, M. F. C., & Riccio, L. G. C. (2026) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115070
Current and Future Female and Male Contraceptive Methods
Fidecicchi, T., Giannini, A., Simoncini, T., & Genazzani, A. R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05381-7_76
Controversies in Contraception
Patel, P. M., & Nguyen, B. T. (2026) · Current clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22510-8_20
Métodos de contracepção comportamentais e consciência da fertilidade Número especial 1 – 2026
Cordioli, E., MONTEIRO, I. M. U., & Wender, M. C. O. (2026) · Femina · doi:10.61622/0100-7254544202604
Kumar, R., Sharma, S., Saini, M., & Rabbani, S. A. (2026) · International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1407
Lindley, L. L., Wakeel, F., Boake, S., Bacchus, E. C., & Porto, L. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.109166
- Authors
- Peragallo Urrutia, R., Polis, C. B., Jensen, E. T., Greene, M. E., Kennedy, E., & Stanford, J. B.
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 591-604
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2887193321
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes
- Keywords
- fertility awareness-based methods, contraception, contraceptive effectiveness, Standard Days Method, Billings Ovulation Method, basal body temperature, symptothermal method, personas, natural family planning
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Family Planning Services, Female, Fertility, Humans, Pregnancy, Reproductive Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
