The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial Differences in Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the estimated prevalence of, risk factors for, and level of bother associated with subjectively reported and objectively measured pelvic organ prolapse in a racially diverse cohort. METHODS: The Reproductive Risks for Incontinence Study at Kaiser 2 is a population-based cohort study of 2,270 middle-aged and older women. Symptomatic prolapse was self-reported, and bother was assessed on a five-point scale. In 1,137 women, prolapse was measured with the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent association of prolapse and race while controlling for risk factors. RESULTS: The participants' mean (standard deviation) age was 55 (9) years, and 44% were white, 20% were African American, 18% were Asian American, and 18% were Latina or other race. Seventy-four women (3%) reported symptomatic prolapse. In multivariable analysis, the risk of symptomatic prolapse was higher in white (prevalence ratio 5.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.89-15.12) and Latina (prevalence ratio 4.89, 95% CI 1.64-14.58) compared with African-American women. Race was not associated with report of moderate to severe bother. Degree of prolapse by POP-Q stage was similar across all racial groups; however, the risk of the leading edge of prolapse at or beyond the hymen was higher in white (prevalence ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.92) compared with African-American women. CONCLUSION: Compared with African-American women, Latina and white women had four to five times higher risk of symptomatic prolapse, and white women had 1.4-fold higher risk of objective prolapse with leading edge of prolapse at or beyond the hymen. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Compared with nulliparity, vaginal delivery was a significant risk factor in 2 studies 24,29 and could therefore be identified as a confirmed risk factor.”
From Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of the 2 studies that could be pooled, the OR showed a borderline significant but small effect for Black ethnicity to be protective against primary POP (n¼2, pooled OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92e1.00)”
From Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“prior epidemiologic studies have described differences in symptomatic and objective prolapse by race and ethnicity.15,16”
From Characteristics Associated With Surgical Failure After Native Tissue Apical Prolapse Repair (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For ethnicity, 1 study showed Black ethnicity to be protective against POP, 36 and 3 studies showed no association.”
From Risk factors for primary pelvic organ prolapse and prolapse recurrence: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Studies with Binary Data
Zou, G. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh090 · Cited by 9,920
Power and sample size calculations
Dupont, W. D., & Plummer, W. D. (1990) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(90)90005-m · Cited by 2,112
Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women
Nygaard, I. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1311 · Cited by 1,869 · cited 2×
“16 Antibiotic therapy for UTI in the past year 319 (14) 167 (15) 152 (13) .”
Krieger, N. R. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.5.703 · Cited by 1,661
Pelvic organ prolapse in the women's health initiative: Gravity and gravidity
Hendrix, S. L., Clark, A., Nygaard, I., Aragaki, A. K., Barnabei, V. M., & McTiernan, A. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.123819 · Cited by 1,273
Samuelsson, E. C., Víctor, F.-V., Tibblin, G., & Svärdsudd, K. (1999) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70203-6 · Cited by 699
Cost of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery in the United States
Subak, L. L., Waetjen, L. E., Eeden, S. K. V. D., Thom, D. H., Vittinghoff, E., & Brown, J. S. (2001) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01472-7 · Cited by 539
Self-citationParity, Mode of Delivery, and Pelvic Floor Disorders
Lukacz, E. S., Lawrence, J. M., Contreras, R., Nager, C. W., & Luber, K. M. (2006) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000218096.54169.34 · Cited by 391
Urinary incontinence in older women: Who is at risk?
BROWN, J., Seeley, D. G., Fong, J. M., Black, D., Ensrud, K. E., & Grady, D. (1996) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00013-0 · Cited by 350
Self-citationPrevalence and Co-Occurrence of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Community-Dwelling Women
Lawrence, J. M., Lukacz, E. S., Nager, C. W., Hsu, J. Y., & Luber, K. M. (2008) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181660c1b · Cited by 323
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–169 of 169
Health inequities within the field of urogynecology
Boyd, B., Guaderrama, N. M., Mishra, K., & Whitcomb, E. L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000818 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBrito, K., Madueke-Laveaux, O. S., Glass, D., Hellman, K. M., Gao, G., & Iyer, S. (2021) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001016 · Cited by 3
(2025) · Femina · doi:10.61622/0100-7254537202507 · Cited by 2
Health Care Disparities Among Latina Patients Presenting With Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Douglass, K. M., Grisales, T., Coca, N., Tandel, M. D., Kwan, L. C., & Wieslander, C. K. (2022) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001214 · Cited by 2
Aversion to Mesh Use in Pelvic Floor Surgery in a Latina Population at the U.S.-Mexico Border
Florence, E., Limtrakul, N. J., Sanchez, S. S., Montoya, T. I., & Maldonado, P. A. (2023) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001375 · Cited by 2
Investigating Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery
DeAndrade, S., DePorto, K. A., Crawford, K. D., Saporito, L., Nguyen, A., Yazdany, T., & Tenggardjaja, C. F. (2025) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001633 · Cited by 2
Kawasaki, M., Nagase, K., Yukimoto, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Maeda, A., Kusano, S., Kakinoki, Y., Kakinoki, H., Udo, K., Tobu, S., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/iju.70473 · Cited by 2
Improving Health Literacy Among Underserved Latinas with PFDs
Chavez, A., & Khan, A. A. (2022) · Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports · doi:10.1007/s11884-022-00650-x · Cited by 2
Management of Rectocele with and without Obstructed Defecation
Thorsen, A. J. (2022) · Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.scrs.2022.100937 · Cited by 2
Pelvic Organ Prolapse in the Older Woman
Srikrishna, S., Thiagamoorthy, G., & Cardozo, L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6554-0_20 · Cited by 2
Frequency of Different Stages of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Factors Leading to it
Karim, K., & Khan, A. (2017) · National Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.21089/njhs.23.0109 · Cited by 2
Paediatric interlabial bleeding: More than vaginal pathology
Wong, Z. H. (2023) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/20101058221149579 · Cited by 2
Epidemiology & pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse & urinary incontinence in women
Moalli, P., & Bowen, S. T. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823403-7.00013-0 · Cited by 2
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Social Impact of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Schmid, C., & Maher, C. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6266-0.00001-0 · Cited by 1
Pelvic organ prolapse, abdominal hernias, and inguinal hernias
Kirby, A. C., & Lentz, G. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-65399-2.00029-2 · Cited by 1
Halani, P. K., Gelman, E., Duchein, Y., Roselli, N., & Leegant, A. (2021) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001085 · Cited by 1
Tam, J., Koenig, H. G., Soriano, C. R., Lucioni, A., Kaplan, J. A., Kobashi, K. C., Simianu, V. V., & Lee, U. J. (2023) · Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal · doi:10.48083/kupv7345 · Cited by 1
Racial Disparities in Pelvic Floor Disorders
Sarzo, C., Nurmahomed, N., Ralston, C., Igbedioh, C., Schizas, A. M. P., Hainsworth, A. J., & Ferrari, L. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006221 · Cited by 1
Implication of Neighborhood Deprivation Index on Pelvic Organ Prolapse Management
Alagh, A., Ramm, O., Lyon, L. L., Weintraub, M. R., & Shatkin‐Margolis, A. (2024) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001501 · Cited by 1
Social Vulnerability Index and Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Fakas, S., Silvestri, J., Álvarez, A., Demertzis, K. H., Blitz, M. J., & O’Shaughnessy, D. L. (2024) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001511 · Cited by 1
Overview of Pelvic Floor Disorders
Whiteside, J. L., & Muffly, T. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384978-6.00026-1 · Cited by 1
Limtrakul, N. J., Florence, E., Sanchez, S. S., Montoya, T. I., & Maldonado, P. A. (2021) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001022 · Cited by 1
Pelvic Floor Disorders in Black Women
Carter-Brooks, C. M., Brown, O., & Ackenbom, M. F. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2023.11.002 · Cited by 1
Introduction and Epidemiology of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Iyer, J., & Rane, A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119052258.ch2 · Cited by 1
Body image for pelvic organ prolapse – a new important questionnaire has come
Brito, L. G. O., Arouca, M. A. F., & Nogueira, A. A. (2014) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.04.007
Çağlar, M., Erkal, N., İsenlik, B. S., Özdemir, Ö., Yavuzcan, A., Üstün, Y., & Kumru, S. (2014) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.3109/01443615.2014.970525
Sacrocolpopexia laparoscópica como tratamiento del prolapso de órganos pélvicos: serie de casos
Hernández-Nieto, C., Flores-Mendoza, H., Basurto, D., Sepúlveda-Mendoza, D. L., García-Rodríguez, L., & Fuenzalida, G. A. S. (2016) · Revista Mexicana de Urología · doi:10.1016/j.uromx.2016.05.004
An unusual case of massive vaginal eversion complicated by obstructive uropathy
Sanyal, U., Hiremath, P. B., Ghosh, S., Indu, N. R., Ramya, M. R., & Hiremath, R. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182374
Anterior vaginal wall protrusion in pregnancy: a case report
Lu, D., Liu, F., Ning, X., Zhang, H., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060519899524
Sergueef, N., & Nelson, K. E. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-8101-0159-7.00012-8
Risk Factors of Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Japanese Women
Wei, C.-N. (2021) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2021.13.001898
The surgical management of uterine prolapse and the role of mesh
Izett-Kay, M. L. (2021) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Silva, R. S. P., Bortolini, M. A. T., Teixeira, J. B., Batista, N. C., Fitz, F. F., Allen‐Brady, K., & Castro, R. A. (2023) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-023-05615-0
Healthy Aging, Mental Health, and Sexuality
(2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-3425-0
A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies for Uterine Prolapse
Santoso, A. P., Kurniawati, E. M., Hardianto, G., & Umiastuti, P. (2023) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001401120245921
Uludağ, S. Z., Şahin, M. E., Altun, Ö., Karakuş, S., Ekmekçioğlu, O., Mazıcıoğlu, M. M., & Aygen, E. (2024) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Open Access · doi:10.29011/2577-2236.100178
Ackenbom, M. F., Napoé, G. S., Brown, O., & Carter-Brooks, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2024.0621
McHugh, E. G., Hinkes, S., Chisolm, A., Nguyen, T.-V., Wein, A. J., Amin, K. A., Williams, A. R., & Syan, R. (2024) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2024.08.024
Xie, B., Nandikanti, L., Swenson, C. W., Wu, J., Liu, T., Yang, X., Li, Y., Sun, X., DeLancey, J. O. L., Chen, L., et al. (2024) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-024-05945-7
Prolapso vaginal: anatomía, epidemiología, fisiopatología y diagnóstico
Lallemant, M., & Cosson, M. (2025) · EMC - Ginecología-Obstetricia · doi:10.1016/s1283-081x(25)50399-5
Factors Associated With Self-reported Family History of Pelvic Floor Disorders
Zabriskie, H. A., Hendrickson, W. K., Nygaard, I. E., & Swenson, C. W. (2025) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001766
Metformin use linked to decreased risk of pelvic organ prolapse: insights from NHANES data
Du, Z., Tian, Z., Fu, L., Wang, X., Wang, X., Xu, T., & Sun, Z. (2025) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-025-04849-9
Race and Perinatal Complications: What The Unexpected Misses About Social Determinants of Health
Jorgensen, A., & Gregg, C. (2025) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/jpe-2024-0024
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596073
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596028
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596031
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596061
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596058
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596034
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596049
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596055
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596064
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596025
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596037
Gedefaw, G. A., & Asmamaw, D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12775020
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596046
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596040
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596076
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596043
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596070
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596079
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596067
Zhang, W., Ge, J., Qu, Z., Wu, W., Lei, H., Pan, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26596052
Association Between Primary Language, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Stage, and Treatment
Marshall, C., Sharma, S., Stetter, C., Kunselman, A. R., & Boyd, S. S. (2026) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001776
Biomaterials for Prolapse Repair
Breedlove, S., Artsen, A. M., & Knight, K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10745-9_4
Obesity and pelvic organ prolapse: Review
Özdemir, B. G. (2026) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2026.100297
Lin, H., Lu, X., Yu, S., & Yu, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2026.1835125
Rodríguez, L., Balza, Y. I. B., Hernao, M. A. S., Pereira, A. V. D. V., & Cordero, J. L. (2026) · Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela · doi:10.51288/00860307
Brito, L. G. O., de Castro, E. B., & Juliato, C. R. T. (2019) · Femina · doi:10.61622/0100-7254471201905
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitcomb, E. L., Rortveit, G., Brown, J. S., Creasman, J. M., Thom, D. H., Van Den Eeden, S. K., & Subak, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- ORCID
- Thom, David H.
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1271-1277
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2879888
- OpenAlex
- W2049056259
- Semantic Scholar
- 77bd2e345315067c8ed5956b427c75f1008ed0e4
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P50DK064538, R01DK053335, DK53335, K24DK080775)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD 41134, R01HD041134)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Pelvic floor disorders treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Uterine Myomas and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- pelvic organ prolapse, racial disparities, African American women, Hispanic women, white women, risk factors, symptom bother, POP-Q staging, middle-aged and older women
- MeSH terms
- California, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Racial Groups, Pelvic Organ Prolapse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review