Comparison of SpO2 to PaO2 based markers of lung disease severity for children with acute lung injury*

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Given pulse oximetry is increasingly substituting for arterial blood gas monitoring, noninvasive surrogate markers for lung disease severity are needed to stratify pediatric risk. We sought to validate prospectively the comparability of SpO2/Fio2 to PaO2/Fio2 and oxygen saturation index to oxygenation index in children. We also sought to derive a noninvasive lung injury score. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentered observational study in six pediatric intensive care units. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-seven mechanically ventilated children with SpO2 80% to 97% and an indwelling arterial catheter. INTERVENTIONS: Simultaneous blood gas, pulse oximetry, and ventilator settings were collected. Derivation and validation data sets were generated, and linear mixed modeling was used to derive predictive equations. Model performance and fit were evaluated using the validation data set. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One thousand one hundred ninety blood gas, SpO2, and ventilator settings from 137 patients were included. Oxygen saturation index had a strong linear association with oxygenation index in both derivation and validation data sets, given by the equation oxygen saturation index = 2.76 1 0.547*oxygenation index (derivation). 1/SpO2/Fio2 had a strong linear association with 1/PaO2/Fio2 in both derivation and validation data sets given by the equation 1/SpO2/Fio2 = 0.00232 1 0.443/PaO2/Fio2 (derivation). SpO2/Fio2 criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury were 221 (95% confidence interval 215-226) and 264 (95% confidence interval 259-269). Multivariate models demonstrated that oxygenation index, serum pH, and Paco(2) were associated with oxygen saturation index (p < .05); and 1/PaO2/Fio2, mean airway pressure, serum pH, and Paco2 were associated with 1/SpO2/Fio2 (p < .05). There was strong concordance between the derived noninvasive lung injury score and the original pediatric modification of lung injury score with a mean difference of 20.0361 α0.264 sd. CONCLUSIONS: Lung injury severity markers, which use SpO2, are adequate surrogate markers for those that use PaO2 in children with respiratory failure for SpO2 between 80% and 97%. They should be used in clinical practice to characterize risk, to increase enrollment in clinical trials, and to determine disease prevalence.