The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Abstract
An inverse association has been reported between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease (CLD), but its magnitude is still unclear. Thus, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies that investigated the association between coffee consumption and the risk of HCC or CLD. We separately estimated the relative risk (RR) of the two conditions, for regular, low, and high consumption compared with no or occasional coffee consumption; we also calculated the summary RR for an increment of one cup of coffee per day. Twelve studies on HCC (3414 cases) and six studies on CLD (1463 cases) were identified. The summary RRs for HCC were 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.78] for regular, 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66–0.91) for low, and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.43–0.58) for high coffee consumption, respectively. The summary RR for an increment of one cup per day was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81–0.90). The summary RRs for CLD were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.47–0.82) for regular, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59–0.88) for low, 0.35 (95% CI: 0.22–0.56) for high, and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65–0.83) for an increment of one cup per day. The present meta-analysis provides a precise quantification of the inverse relation between coffee consumption and the risk of HCC, and adds evidence to the presence of an even stronger negative association with CLD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The meta-analysis reported also that each additional cup of coffee reduces the risk of liver cancer by 15% [181].”
From Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of twelve recent prospective cohort studies including 3414 cases found a summary relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.55–0.78) for regular, 0.78 (95% CI = 0.66–0.91) for low, and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43–0.58) for high coffee consumption.”
From Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of twelve recent prospective cohort studies including 3414 cases found a summary relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.55–0.78) for regular, 0.78 (95% CI = 0.66–0.91) for low, and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43–0.58) for high coffee consumption.”
From Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of twelve recent prospective cohort studies including 3414 cases found a summary relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.55–0.78) for regular, 0.78 (95% CI = 0.66–0.91) for low, and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43–0.58) for high coffee consumption.”
From Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012
Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29210 · Cited by 28,766
Methods for Trend Estimation from Summarized Dose-Response Data, with Applications to Meta-Analysis
Greenland, S., & Longnecker, M. P. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237 · Cited by 2,353
Publication bias in meta-analysis its causes and consequences
Thornton, A. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00161-4 · Cited by 1,291 · cited 2×
“funnel plot (Thornton and Lee, 2000) and Egger’s test (Egger et al.”
BackgroundDing, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Chen, M., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1203 · Cited by 511 · cited 1×
“…included in the metaanalysis were adjusted for diabetes, we cannot exclude the possibility that part of the effect of coffee on HCC may be mediated by the hypothesized favorable effect of coffee on the incidence of diabetes (Ding et al., 2014), a known risk factor for HCC (Chuang et al., 2009).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 40
- Bamia, 2015, Coffee, tea and decaffeinated coffee in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population: multicentre, prospective cohort study, Int J Cancer, 136, 1899, 10.1002/ijc.29214 · DOI
- Bosetti, 2007, Worldwide mortality from cirrhosis: an update to 2002, J Hepatol, 46, 827, 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.025 · DOI · Paper page
- Bravi, 2007, Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis, Hepatology, 46, 430, 10.1002/hep.21708 · DOI
- Bravi, 2009, Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma: an update, Hepatology, 50, 1317, 10.1002/hep.23272 · DOI
- Bravi, 2013, Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11, 1413, 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.039 · DOI
- Cavin, 1998, The coffee-specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol protect against aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity through a dual mechanism, Carcinogenesis, 19, 1369, 10.1093/carcin/19.8.1369 · DOI
- Cavin, 2002, Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity, Food Chem Toxicol, 40, 1155, 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00029-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Chuang, 2009, Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection, Cancer Lett, 286, 9, 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.040 · DOI
- DerSimonian, 1986, Meta-analysis in clinical trials, Control Clin Trials, 7, 177, 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ, 315, 629, 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · DOI · Paper page
- Ferraroni, 2004, Reproducibility and validity of coffee and tea consumption in Italy, Eur J Clin Nutr, 58, 674, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601864 · DOI
- Freedman, 2009, Coffee intake is associated with lower rates of liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C, Hepatology, 50, 1360, 10.1002/hep.23162 · DOI · Paper page
- Goh, 2014, Coffee, alcohol and other beverages in relation to cirrhosis mortality: the Singapore Chinese Health Study, Hepatology, 60, 661, 10.1002/hep.27054 · DOI
- Higgins, 2002, Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, Stat Med, 21, 1539, 10.1002/sim.1186 · DOI · Paper page
- Hu, 2008, Joint effects of coffee consumption and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase on the risk of liver cancer, Hepatology, 48, 129, 10.1002/hep.22320 · DOI
- Inoue, 2005, Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan, J Natl Cancer Inst, 97, 293, 10.1093/jnci/dji040 · DOI
- Inoue, 2009, Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer: cohort analysis by hepatitis virus infection status, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18, 1746, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0923 · DOI
- Johnson, 2011, Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, Cancer Causes Control, 22, 503, 10.1007/s10552-010-9725-0 · DOI
- Klatsky, 1992, Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis, Am J Epidemiol, 136, 1248, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116433 · DOI · Paper page
- Klatsky, 1993, Coffee, tea, and mortality, Ann Epidemiol, 3, 375, 10.1016/1047-2797(93)90064-B · DOI
- Klatsky, 2006, Coffee, cirrhosis, and transaminase enzymes, Arch Intern Med, 166, 1190, 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 · DOI
- Kurozawa, 2004, Dietary habits and risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma in a large scale cohort study in Japan. Univariate analysis of JACC study data, Kurume Med J, 51, 141, 10.2739/kurumemedj.51.141 · DOI
- Kurozawa, 2005, Coffee and risk of death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort study in Japan, Br J Cancer, 93, 607, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602737 · DOI
- La Vecchia, 1998, Liver cirrhosis and the risk of primary liver cancer, Eur J Cancer Prev, 7, 315, 10.1097/00008469-199808000-00007 · DOI
- Lai, 2013, The association of coffee intake with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in male smokers, Br J Cancer, 109, 1344, 10.1038/bjc.2013.405 · DOI
- Loftfield, 2015, Associations of coffee drinking with systemic immune and inflammatory markers, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 24, 1052, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0038-T · DOI
- Majer, 2005, Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2), Food Chem Toxicol, 43, 433, 10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.009 · DOI
- Modi, 2010, Increased caffeine consumption is associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis, Hepatology, 51, 201, 10.1002/hep.23279 · DOI
- Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Ann Intern Med, 151, 264, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · DOI · Paper page
- Nakanishi, 2000, Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: a study of middle-aged Japanese men, Eur J Epidemiol, 16, 419, 10.1023/A:1007683626665 · DOI
- Ohishi, 2008, Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese population: a nested case-control study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 846, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2806 · DOI
- Petrick, 2015, Coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by sex: the liver cancer pooling project, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 24, 1398, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0137 · DOI
- Ruhl, 2005a, Coffee and tea consumption are associated with a lower incidence of chronic liver disease in the United States, Gastroenterology, 129, 1928, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.056 · DOI
- Ruhl, 2005b, Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States, Gastroenterology, 128, 24, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.075 · DOI · Paper page
- Saab, 2014, Impact of coffee on liver diseases: a systematic review, Liver Int, 34, 495, 10.1111/liv.12304 · DOI
- Setiawan, 2015, Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort, Gastroenterology, 148, 118, 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.005 · DOI
- Shimazu, 2005, Coffee consumption and the risk of primary liver cancer: pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan, Int J Cancer, 116, 150, 10.1002/ijc.20989 · DOI
- Tanaka, 1990, Inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acid, reserpine, polyprenoic acid (E-5166), or coffee on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats and hamsters, Basic Life Sci, 52, 429
- Trichopoulos, 2011, Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study, J Natl Cancer Inst, 103, 1686, 10.1093/jnci/djr395 · DOI
- Tverdal, 2003, Coffee intake and mortality from liver cirrhosis, Ann Epidemiol, 13, 419, 10.1016/S1047-2797(02)00462-3 · DOI
Cited by
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Galle, P. R., Forner, A., Llovet, J. M., Mazzaferro, V., Piscaglia, F., Raoul, J.-L., Schirmacher, P., & Vilgrain, V. (2018) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019 · Cited by 11,406
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Sangro, B., Argemi, J., Ronot, M., Paradis, V., Meyer, T., Mazzaferro, V., Jepsen, P., Golfieri, R., Galle, P., Dawson, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028 · Cited by 985
Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes
Poole, R., Kennedy, O. J., Roderick, P., Fallowfield, J. A., Hayes, P. C., & Parkes, J. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j5024 · Cited by 835
Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review
Grosso, G., Godos, J., Galvano, F., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941 · Cited by 531
Carcinogenicity of Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages
Loomis, D., Guyton, K. Z., Grosse, Y., Lauby-Secretan, B., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Guha, N., Mattock, H., & Straif, K. (2016) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30239-x · Cited by 226
Metadata
- Authors
- Bravi, F., Tavani, A., Bosetti, C., Boffetta, P., & La Vecchia, C.
- Affiliations
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute of Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Venue
- European Journal of Cancer Prevention
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 368-377
- ISSN
- 0959-8278
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/cej.0000000000000252
- The paper
- Bravi, F., Tavani, A., Bosetti, C., Boffetta, P., & La Vecchia, C. (2017). Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1097/cej.0000000000000252
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
