Cited by 2,062Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyHealth and Medical Research Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What are biomarkers?

Open access

Strimbu, Kyle, Tavel, Jorge A·2010·Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

DOI 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177PMC PMC3078627

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides working definitions and a conceptual framework to understand the roles of biomarkers in clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS: The definitions of the terms discussed in this article--medical signs, symptoms, biomarkers, surrogate endpoints, clinical endpoints, validation--are still under discussion, as are their relationships to each other, but broad consensus has developed in the past decade and a half about the necessity of distinguishing between, in particular, surrogate and clinical endpoints. SUMMARY: This article outlines the major definitions of the key terms in this field and considers select cases in which misunderstandings about the terms led to flawed research conclusions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework
Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.113989 · Cited by 6,771
Surrogate End Points in Clinical Trials: Are We Being Misled?
Fleming, T. R., & DeMets, D. L. (1996) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00011 · Cited by 1,651
A Controlled Trial of Interferon Gamma to Prevent Infection in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
The International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group* (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199102213240801 · Cited by 832
Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Cardiovascular diseases
Wittes, J. T., Lakatos, E., & Probstfield, J. L. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080405 · Cited by 255
Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Cancer
Ellenberg, S. S., & Hamilton, J. M. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080404 · Cited by 166
Perspective: Validating Surrogate Markers--Are We Being Naive?
Gruttola, V. D., Fleming, T. R., Lin, D. Y., & Coombs, R. W. (1997) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/175.2.237 · Cited by 130
Comparison of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cultures Isolated in the United States with Those Isolated in Japan
Zen‐Yōji, H., Clair, R. A. L., Ohta, K., & Montague, T. S. (1973) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/127.3.237 · Cited by 48
Debate: The slippery slope of surrogate outcomes
D’Agostino, R. B. (2000) · Trials · doi:10.1186/cvm-1-2-076 · Cited by 46
Controversies Surround Heart Drug Study
Mitka, M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.885 · Cited by 25

Show all 9 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,000

Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Biomarkers for Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Attalla, K., Weng, S., Voss, M. H., & Hakimi, A. A. (2020) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2020.04.002 · Cited by 51
Variability of multi-omics profiles in a population-based child cohort
Gallego-Paüls, M., Hernandéz-Ferrer, C., Bustamante, M., Basagaña, X., Barrera‐Gómez, J., Lau, C. E., Siskos, A., Vives-Usano, M., Ruiz-Arenas, C., Wright, J., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02027-z · Cited by 50
The role of microbial ecology in improving the performance of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Krohn, C. C., Khudur, L. S., Dias, D. A., van den Akker, B., Rees, C. A., Crosbie, N. D., Surapaneni, A., O’Carroll, D. M., Stuetz, R. M., Batstone, D. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1079136 · Cited by 51
Discovery of Innovative Therapeutics: Today’s Realities and Tomorrow’s Vision. 2. Pharma’s Challenges and Their Commitment to Innovation
Abou-Gharbia, M. A., & Childers, W. E. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm401564r · Cited by 52
Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Biliary Tract Cancers
Letelier, P. J., Riquelme, I., Hernández, A., Guzmán, N. H., Farías, J. G., & Roa, J. C. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17050791 · Cited by 49
Seeking an Objective Diagnosis of Depression
Bilello, J. A. (2016) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2016-0076 · Cited by 52
Circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker and liquid biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Payne, K. F. B., Spruce, R. J., Beggs, A. D., Sharma, N., Kong, A. H., Martin, T., Parmar, S., Praveen, P., Nankivell, P., & Mehanna, H. M. (2018) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.25140 · Cited by 49
Advances in Molecular biomarker for early diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Munjal, A., Bapat, S., Hubbard, D., Hunter, M., Kolhe, R. B., & Fulzele, S. (2019) · BioMolecular Concepts · doi:10.1515/bmc-2019-0014 · Cited by 49
The Challenge of Evaluating Response to Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Present and the Future
Liberini, V., Huellner, M. W., Grimaldi, S., Finessi, M., Thuillier, P., Muni, A., Pellerito, R. E., Papotti, M. G., Piovesan, A., Arvat, E., et al. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10121083 · Cited by 53
Potential Biomarkers of Fat Loss as a Feature of Cancer Cachexia
Ebadi, M., & Mazurak, V. C. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/820934 · Cited by 48
Nanopore single-molecule analysis of biomarkers: Providing possible clues to disease diagnosis
Chen, X., Zhou, S., Wang, Y., Zheng, L., Guan, S., Wang, D., Wang, L., & Guan, X. (2023) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117060 · Cited by 48
Biomarker detection of global infectious diseases based on magnetic particles.
Carinelli, S., Martí, M., Alegret, S., & Pividori, M. (2015) · New Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2015.04.002 · Cited by 45
Cognition and psychopathology in first-episode psychosis: are they related to inflammation?
Cabrera, B., Bioque, M., Penadés, R., González-Pinto, A. M., Parellada, M., Bobes, J., Lobo, A., García‐Bueno, B., Leza, J. C., & Bernardo, M. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000659 · Cited by 48
Understanding inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: How immune biomarkers guide clinical strategies in the systemic onset subtype
Swart, J. F., de Roock, S., & Prakken, B. J. (2016) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201546092 · Cited by 48
The Importance of Endophenotypes to Evaluate the Relationship between Genotype and External Phenotype
PAS, M. F. W. T., Madsen, O., Calus, M. P. L., & Smits, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020472 · Cited by 50
Circulating microRNA as Emerging Biomarkers of Exercise
Fernández‐Sanjurjo, M., de Gonzalo‐Calvo, D., Fernández‐Garcia, B., Díez‐Robles, S., Martínez-Canal, Á., Olmedillas, H., Dávalos, A., & Iglesias‐Gutiérrez, E. (2018) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000148 · Cited by 49
Fisiopatología del aneurisma de aorta abdominal: biomarcadores y nuevas dianas terapéuticas
Torres-Fonseca, M. M., Galán, M., Martínez-López, D., Cañes, L., Roldán-Montero, R., Alonso, J., Postigo, T. L. R., Orriols, M., Méndez‐Barbero, N., Sirvent, M., et al. (2018) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2018.10.002 · Cited by 48
Biomarkers associated with quality and safety of fresh-cut produce
More, A. S., Ranadheera, C. S., Fang, Z., Warner, R. D., & Ajlouni, S. (2019) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100524 · Cited by 48
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Amin, M., Tang, S., Shalamanova, L., Taylor, R. L., Wylie, S. R., Abdullah, B. M., & Whitehead, K. A. (2021) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750x.2021.1875506 · Cited by 51
Androgen Receptor as an Emerging Feasible Biomarker for Breast Cancer
You, C., Leung, M., Tsang, W. H., Khoo, U., & Tsoi, H. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12010072 · Cited by 48
A Glimpse of Molecular Biomarkers in Huntington’s Disease
Martínez, S. M., & Valor, L. M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105411 · Cited by 47
Circulating Cells with Macrophage-like Characteristics in Cancer: The Importance of Circulating Neoplastic-Immune Hybrid Cells in Cancer
Sutton, T. L., Patel, R. K., Anderson, A. N., Bowden, S. G., Whalen, R. M., Giske, N. R., & Wong, M. H. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14163871 · Cited by 50
EEG biomarker candidates for the identification of epilepsy
Gallotto, S., & Seeck, M. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.11.004 · Cited by 52
The dual role of microRNA (miR)-20b in cancers: Friend or foe?
İlhan, A., Golestani, S., Shafagh, S.-G., Asadi, F., Daneshdoust, D., Al-Naqeeb, B. Z. T., Nemati, M. M., Khalatbari, F., & Yaseri, A. F. (2023) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-022-01019-7 · Cited by 47
Biosensors for cancer detection: A review
Sarkar, S., Hazra, S., Patra, S., & Gogoi, M. (2024) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2024.117978 · Cited by 48
A Review of Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Disease: Will They Swing Us Across the Valley?
Beach, T. G. (2017) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-017-0072-x · Cited by 50
The Relation between Periodontopathogenic Bacterial Levels and Resistin in the Saliva of Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Al-Rawi, N. H., & Al-Marzooq, F. I. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2017/2643079 · Cited by 47
Hypoxia gene expression signatures as predictive biomarkers for personalising radiotherapy
Yang, L., & West, C. (2018) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr.20180036 · Cited by 48
Causal Reasoning on Boolean Control Networks Based on Abduction: Theory and Application to Cancer Drug Discovery
Biane, C., & Delaplace, F. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2018.2889102 · Cited by 50
Identification of Novel Biomarker for Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy
Kim, K.-S., Lee, J.-S., Park, J.-H., Lee, E. Y., Moon, J., Lee, S., Lee, J.-S., Kim, J.-H., & Kim, H. S. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050457 · Cited by 45
Aptamer-based chemiluminescent optical fiber immunosensor with enhanced signal amplification for ultrasensitive detection of tumor biomarkers
Zhao, S., Huang, J., Li, D., & Yang, L. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114505 · Cited by 46
Emerging Biosensing Methods to Monitor Lung Cancer Biomarkers in Biological Samples: A Comprehensive Review
Chinnappan, R., Mir, T. A., Alsalameh, S., Makhzoum, T., Alzhrani, A., Alnajjar, K., Adeeb, S., Eman, N. A., Ahmed, Z., Shakir, I. M., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15133414 · Cited by 46
From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies
Gharib, E., & Robichaud, G. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179463 · Cited by 55
Analgesic Response to Intravenous Ketamine Is Linked to a Circulating microRNA Signature in Female Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Douglas, S. R., Shenoda, B. B., Qureshi, R., Saçan, A., Alexander, G. M., Perreault, M. J., Barrett, J. E., Aradillas, E., Schwartzman, R. J., & Ajit, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.008 · Cited by 47
From feedback loop transitions to biomarkers in the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network: Detecting the critical transition from health to major depression
Stapelberg, N. J. C., Pratt, R., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D., Brandis, S. J., Muthukkumarasamy, V., Stantić, B., Blumenstein, M., & Headrick, J. P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.005 · Cited by 45
Biomarkers in Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Zijlstra, E. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00228 · Cited by 46
Blood Biomarkers of Uveal Melanoma: Current Perspectives
Bande, M. F., Fernandez-Marta, B., Lago‐Baameiro, N., Santiago-Varela, M., Silva, P., Blanco‐Teijeiro, M. J., Pardo, M., & Piñeiro, A. (2020) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s199064 · Cited by 46
Defining Acute Kidney Injury
Verma, S. S., & Kellum, J. A. (2021) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2020.11.001 · Cited by 48
Optical-Based Biosensors and Their Portable Healthcare Devices for Detecting and Monitoring Biomarkers in Body Fluids
Pham, A. T. T., Wallace, A. K., Zhang, X., Tohl, D., Fu, H., Chuah, C., Reynolds, K. J., Ramsey, C., & Tang, Y. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11071285 · Cited by 45
Human disease biomarker panels through systems biology
Smith, B. J., Silva-Costa, L. C., & Martins‐de‐Souza, D. (2021) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-021-00849-y · Cited by 44
The Application of Metabolomics in Forensic Science with Focus on Forensic Toxicology and Time-of-Death Estimation
Dawidowska, J., Krzyżanowska, M., Markuszewski, M. J., & Kaliszan, M. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11120801 · Cited by 45
Challenges in the Metabolomics-Based Biomarker Validation Pipeline
Li, S., Looby, N., Chandran, V., & Kulasingam, V. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14040200 · Cited by 55
Biomarkers of skin aging
Kanaki, T., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9392-x · Cited by 49
Identifying Epigenetic Biomarkers using Maximal Relevance and Minimal Redundancy Based Feature Selection for Multi-Omics Data
Mallik, S., Bhadra, T., & Maulik, U. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience · doi:10.1109/tnb.2017.2650217 · Cited by 45
Biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for irritable bowel syndrome: where are we?
Camilleri, M., Halawi, H., & Oduyebo, I. (2017) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2017.1288096 · Cited by 45
Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis
Woźniak, M. K., Wiergowski, M., Namieśnik, J., & Biziuk, M. (2018) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867324666171005111911 · Cited by 45
Combined cognitive, psychomotor and electrophysiological biomarkers in major depressive disorder
Koo, P. C., Berger, C., Kronenberg, G., Bartz, J., Wybitul, P., Reis, O., & Hoeppner, J. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0952-9 · Cited by 45
Brachytherapy Future Directions
Cunha, J. A. M., Flynn, R. T., Bélanger, C., Callaghan, C. M., Kim, Y., Jia, X., Chen, Z., & Beaulieu, L. (2019) · Seminars in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.09.001 · Cited by 45
Measurement of Human Stress: A Multidimensional Approach
Dorsey, A. F., Scherer, E. M., Eckhoff, R., & Furberg, R. (2022) · doi:10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0073.2206 · Cited by 56
Contemporary approaches for imaging skeletal metastasis
Ulmert, D., Sólnes, L. B., & Thorek, D. L. J. (2015) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/boneres.2015.24 · Cited by 44
Trends in the Design and Development of Specific Aptamers Against Peptides and Proteins
Tabarzad, M., & Jafari, M. (2016) · The Protein Journal · doi:10.1007/s10930-016-9653-2 · Cited by 45
Ultrashort time to echo magnetic resonance techniques for the musculoskeletal system
Siriwanarangsun, P., Statum, S. M., Biswas, R., Bae, W. C., & Chung, C. B. (2016) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims.2016.12.06 · Cited by 44
Translating secondary electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry to the clinical environment
Singh, K. D., Vidal‐de‐Miguel, G., Gaugg, M. T., Ibáñez, A. J., Zenobi, R., Kohler, M., Frey, U., & Sinues, P. (2018) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7163/aa9ee3 · Cited by 44
Biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease: 20 years later
Yılmaz, R., Hopfner, F., van Eimeren, T., & Berg, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02001-3 · Cited by 44
Integrating Frailty and Cognitive Phenotypes: Why, How, Now What?
Xue, Q., Buta, B. J., Ma, L., Ge, M., & Carlson, M. C. (2019) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-019-0279-z · Cited by 44
Aging and Eye Tracking: in the Quest for Objective Biomarkers
Marandi, R. Z., & Gazerani, P. (2019) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl-2019-0012 · Cited by 46
Are There Any Biomarkers for Pedophilia and Sexual Child Abuse? A Review
Jordan, K., Wild, T. S. N., Fromberger, P., Müller, I., & Müller, J. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00940 · Cited by 44
Metabolomics in Psychiatric Disorders: What We Learn from Animal Models
Humer, E. C., Probst, T., & Pieh, C. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020072 · Cited by 46
Circulating microRNA as biomarkers of canine mammary carcinoma in dogs
Fish, E. J., Martinez-Romero, E. G., DeInnocentes, P., Koehler, J. W., Prasad, N., Smith, A. N., & Bird, R. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15764 · Cited by 44
Novel diagnostic options for endometriosis – Based on the glycome and microbiome
Kovács, Z., Glover, L. E., Reidy, F., MacSharry, J. A., & Saldova, R. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.015 · Cited by 45
Identifying biomarkers as diagnostic tools in kidney transplantation
Mas, V. R., Mueller, T., Archer, K. J., & Maluf, D. G. (2011) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/erm.10.119 · Cited by 44
A unique circulating miRNA profile highlights thrombo-inflammation in Behçet's syndrome
Emmi, G., Bagni, G., Lastraioli, E., Patti, F. D., Bettiol, A., Fiorillo, C., Becatti, M., Silvestri, E., Urban, M. L., Emmi, L., et al. (2021) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220859 · Cited by 46
Advancing the frontier of artificial intelligence on emerging technologies to redefine cancer diagnosis and care
Vyas, A., Kumar, K., Sharma, A., Verma, D., Bhatia, D. D., Wahi, N., & Yadav, A. K. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110178 · Cited by 47
AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus
Wani, S., Zhou, M. J., Sawas, T., Rubenstein, J. H., Eluri, S., Leiman, D. A., Sultan, S., Singh, S., Inadomi, J. M., Thrift, A. P., et al. (2025) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2025.09.012 · Cited by 45
Biomarkers of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Bahrami, F., Harandi, A. M., & Rafati, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00222 · Cited by 43
Biomarker Discovery and Utility in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Goldstein, G. P., & Sylvester, K. G. (2018) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2018.10.001 · Cited by 43
Outcomes of disease prevention and management interventions in food pantries and food banks: a scoping review
Long, C. R., Rowland, B., Steelman, S. C., & McElfish, P. A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029236 · Cited by 43
Electrochemiluminescent Chemosensors for Clinical Applications: A Review
Truong, C. K. P., Nguyen, T. D. D., & Shin, I. (2019) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-019-3301-9 · Cited by 43
Biomarkers of Infection: Are They Useful in the ICU?
Heilmann, E., Gregoriano, C., & Schüetz, P. (2019) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1696689 · Cited by 45
Dual protecting encapsulation synthesis of ultrastable quantum-dot nanobeads for sensitive and accurate detection of cardiac biomarkers
Li, J., Lv, Y., Li, N., Wu, R., Li, J., You, J., Shen, H., Chen, X., & Li, L. S. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2021.130275 · Cited by 43
Protease activity as a prognostic factor for wound healing in venous leg ulcers
Westby, M. J., Dumville, J. C., Stubbs, N. C., Norman, G., Wong, J. K. F., Cullum, N. A., & Riley, R. D. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012841.pub2 · Cited by 40
Identification of biomarkers by machine learning classifiers to assist diagnose rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease
Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Meng, F., Feng, M., Zhao, X., Gao, C., & Luo, J. (2022) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-022-02800-2 · Cited by 42
Repeated diffusion MRI reveals earliest time point for stratification of radiotherapy response in brain metastases
Mahmood, F., Johannesen, H. H., Geertsen, P. F., & Hansen, R. H. (2017) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aa5249 · Cited by 42
Decrease in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor at plasma level but not in serum concentrations in suicide behavior: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Salas‐Magaña, M., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., González‐Castro, T. B., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., López‐Narváez, M. L., Rodrı́guez-Pérez, J. M., & Ramírez‐Bello, J. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.706 · Cited by 44
Biomarkers for Detecting Mitochondrial Disorders
Finsterer, J., & Zarrouk‐Mahjoub, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7020016 · Cited by 42
Oxidative stress in benthic oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex induced by sublethal exposure to a cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate
Bhattacharya, R., Chatterjee, A., Chatterjee, S., & Saha, N. C. (2020) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108906 · Cited by 42
Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review
Imas, J. J., Zamarreño, C. R., Zubiate, P., Sánchez-Martı́n, L., Campión, J., & Matias, I. R. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20216289 · Cited by 42
Diagnosis of mild Alzheimer's disease by EEG and ERP signals using linear and nonlinear classifiers
Rad, E. M., Azarnoosh, M., Ghoshuni, M., & Khalilzadeh, M. M. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103049 · Cited by 46
Navigating the science of emotion
Barrett, L. F., & Westlin, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821124-3.00002-8 · Cited by 49
Applications of Neural Networks in Biomedical Data Analysis
Weiss, R., Karimijafarbigloo, S., Roggenbuck, D., & Rödiger, S. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071469 · Cited by 51
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of COPD Patients at Different Blood Eosinophil Levels in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Landis, S., Suruki, R., Maskell, J., Bonar, K., Hilton, E., & Compton, C. H. (2018) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2018.1441275 · Cited by 41
Biomarkers as Common Data Elements for Symptom and Self‐Management Science
Page, G. G., Corwin, E. J., Dorsey, S. G., Redeker, N. S., McCloskey, D. J., AUSTIN, J. K., Guthrie, B. J., Moore, S. M., Barton, D. L., Kim, M. T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12378 · Cited by 49
Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: Striatal sub-regional structural morphometry and diffusion MRI
KHAN, A. R., Hiebert, N. M., Vo, A., Wang, B. T., Owen, A. M., Seergobin, K. N., & MacDonald, P. A. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.007 · Cited by 41
Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience
Torres‐Berrío, A., Cuesta, S., López-Guzmán, S., & Nava-Mesa, M. O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639 · Cited by 48
Significant function and research progress of biomarkers in gastric cancer (Review)
Ye, D., Xu, G., Ma, W., Li, Y., Luo, W., Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.11078 · Cited by 43
Studies in lung cancer cytokine proteomics: a review
Abolfathi, H., Sheikhpour, M., Shahraeini, S. S., Khatami, S., & Nojoumi, S. A. (2021) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1080/14789450.2021.1892491 · Cited by 41
miRNAs as Predictive Factors in Early Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Juchnicka, I., Kuźmicki, M., Niemira, M., Bielska, A., Sidorkiewicz, I., Zbucka-Krętowska, M., Kretowski, A. J., & Szamatowicz, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.839344 · Cited by 43
Development of novel behavioral interventions in an experimental therapeutics world: Challenges, and directions for the future
Lewandowski, K. E., Öngür, D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.010 · Cited by 40
DNA-based biocomputing circuits and their biomedical applications
Jia, S., Lv, H., Li, Q., Fan, C., & Wang, F. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00303-8 · Cited by 40
Serum Tyrosine-to-Phenylalanine Ratio is Low in Parkinson’s Disease
Hirayama, M., Tsunoda, M., Yamamoto, M., Tsuda, T., & Ohno, K. (2016) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-150736 · Cited by 40
Application of Radiomics for Personalized Treatment of Cancer Patients
Meng, Y., Sun, J. Y., Qu, N., Zhang, G., Yu, T., & Piao, H. (2019) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s232473 · Cited by 41
Predicting human health from biofluid-based metabolomics using machine learning
Evans, E. D., Duvallet, C., Chu, N. D., Oberst, M., Murphy, M. A., Rockafellow, I., Sontag, D. A., & Alm, E. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74823-1 · Cited by 43
Functional roles of lncRNA-TUG1 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Farzaneh, M., Ghasemian, M., Ghaedrahmati, F., Poodineh, J., Najafi, S., Masoodi, T., Kurniawan, D., Shahab Uddin, M. S., & Azizidoost, S. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120974 · Cited by 40
Monitoring multiple sclerosis by multimodal evoked potentials: Numerically versus ordinally scaled scoring systems
Schlaeger, R., Hardmeier, M., D’Souza, M., Grize, L., Schindler, C., Kappos, L., & Fuhr, P. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.041 · Cited by 40
Overall Adiposity, Adipose Tissue Distribution, and Endometriosis: A Systematic Review
Backonja, U., Buck Louis, G. M., & Lauver, D. R. (2016) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000146 · Cited by 39
A Review on Data Fusion of Multidimensional Medical and Biomedical Data
Azam, K. S. F., Ryabchykov, O., & Bocklitz, T. W. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27217448 · Cited by 39
A machine learning approach for electrochemiluminescence based point of care testing device to detect multiple biomarkers
Srivastava, S. K., Bhaiyya, M. L., Dudala, S., Hota, C., & Goel, S. (2022) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2022.114135 · Cited by 39
Rise of Deep Learning Clinical Applications and Challenges in Omics Data: A Systematic Review
Mohammed, M. A., Abdulkareem, K. H., Dinar, A. M., & García-Zapirain, B. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13040664 · Cited by 46
Advancements in Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications
Iftikhar, F. J., Shah, A., Wali, Q., & Kokab, T. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13040416 · Cited by 41
Personalized use of ketamine and esketamine for treatment-resistant depression
Medeiros, G. C., Demo, I., Goes, F. S., Zarate, C. A., & Gould, T. D. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03180-8 · Cited by 43

Authors: Strimbu, K., & Tavel, J. A.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Tavel, Jorge A
Venue: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 6
Pages: 463-466
ISSN: 1746-630X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177
PMC: PMC3078627
OpenAlex: W1980541833
Cited by: 2,062
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 101 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 222 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 178 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 AI999999)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Research Impacts
Keywords: biomarkers, surrogate endpoints, clinical trial endpoints, biomarker validation, terminology definitions
MeSH terms: Diagnosis, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Biomedical Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

What are biomarkers?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks