Cited by 2,062Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyHealth and Medical Research Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What are biomarkers?

Open access

Strimbu, Kyle, Tavel, Jorge A·2010·Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

DOI 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177PMC PMC3078627

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides working definitions and a conceptual framework to understand the roles of biomarkers in clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS: The definitions of the terms discussed in this article--medical signs, symptoms, biomarkers, surrogate endpoints, clinical endpoints, validation--are still under discussion, as are their relationships to each other, but broad consensus has developed in the past decade and a half about the necessity of distinguishing between, in particular, surrogate and clinical endpoints. SUMMARY: This article outlines the major definitions of the key terms in this field and considers select cases in which misunderstandings about the terms led to flawed research conclusions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework
Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.113989 · Cited by 6,771
Surrogate End Points in Clinical Trials: Are We Being Misled?
Fleming, T. R., & DeMets, D. L. (1996) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00011 · Cited by 1,651
A Controlled Trial of Interferon Gamma to Prevent Infection in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
The International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group* (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199102213240801 · Cited by 832
Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Cardiovascular diseases
Wittes, J. T., Lakatos, E., & Probstfield, J. L. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080405 · Cited by 255
Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Cancer
Ellenberg, S. S., & Hamilton, J. M. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080404 · Cited by 166
Perspective: Validating Surrogate Markers--Are We Being Naive?
Gruttola, V. D., Fleming, T. R., Lin, D. Y., & Coombs, R. W. (1997) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/175.2.237 · Cited by 130
Comparison of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cultures Isolated in the United States with Those Isolated in Japan
Zen‐Yōji, H., Clair, R. A. L., Ohta, K., & Montague, T. S. (1973) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/127.3.237 · Cited by 48
Debate: The slippery slope of surrogate outcomes
D’Agostino, R. B. (2000) · Trials · doi:10.1186/cvm-1-2-076 · Cited by 46
Controversies Surround Heart Drug Study
Mitka, M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.885 · Cited by 25

Show all 9 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

Personalized nutrition: perspectives on challenges, opportunities, and guiding principles for data use and fusion
Donovan, S. M., Abrahams, M., Anthony, J. C., Bao, Y., Barragán, M., Bermingham, K. M., Blander, G., Keck, A.-S., Lee, B. Y., Nieman, K. M., et al. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2461237 · Cited by 48
Inhibition-Based Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Levin, A. R., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0350-1 · Cited by 39
An Alzheimer’s Disease-Derived Biomarker Signature Identifies Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Dementia
Berlyand, Y., Weintraub, D. A., Xie, S. X., Mellis, I. A., Doshi, J. J., Rick, J. H., McBride, J. D., Davatzikos, C. A., Shaw, L. M. J., Hurtig, H. I., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147319 · Cited by 39
Biomarkers
Huss, R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410396-2.00019-0 · Cited by 39
Cardiac Biomarkers in Patients with Cancer: Considerations, Clinical Implications, and Future Avenues
Bračun, V., Aboumsallem, J. P., van der Meer, P., & de Boer, R. A. (2020) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-020-00930-x · Cited by 42
The 12-CK Score: Global Measurement of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures
Li, R., Berglund, A., Zemp, L., Dhillon, J., Putney, R., Kim, Y., Jain, R. K., Grass, G. D., Conejo-Garcia, J., & Mulé, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.694079 · Cited by 39
Lifting the Veil: Characteristics, Clinical Significance, and Application of β-2-Microglobulin as Biomarkers and Its Detection with Biosensors
Sivanathan, P. C., Ooi, K. S., Haniff, M. A. S. M., Ahmadipour, M., Dee, C. F., Mokhtar, N. M., Hamzah, A. A., & Chang, E. Y. (2022) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00036 · Cited by 38
INCREASED SERUM LEVELS OF UREA AND CREATININE ARE SURROGATE MARKERS FOR DISRUPTION OF RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR EXTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE AND INNER SEGMENT ELLIPSOID ZONE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Saxena, S., Ruia, S., Prasad, S., Jain, A., Mishra, N., Natu, S. M., Meyer, C. H., Gilhotra, J. S., Kružliak, P., & Akduman, L. (2016) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000001163 · Cited by 38
Reliability of Potential Pain Biomarkers in the Saliva of Healthy Subjects: Inter-Individual Differences and Intersession Variability
Sobas, E. M., Reinoso, R., Cuadrado-Asensio, R., Fernández, I., Maldonado, M. J., & Jimeno, J. C. P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166976 · Cited by 41
Progress in Elucidating Biomarkers of Antidepressant Pharmacological Treatment Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Last 15 Years
Voegeli, G., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., Ramoz, N., & Gorwood, P. A. P. M. (2017) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0819-9 · Cited by 40
PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture (DE-71) toxicities and liver transcriptomic changes at PND 22 after in utero/postnatal exposure in the rat
Dunnick, J. K., Shockley, K. R., Pandiri, A. R., Kissling, G. E., Gerrish, K., Ton, T. V., Wilson, R. E., Brar, S. S., Brix, A. E., Waidyanatha, S., et al. (2018) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-018-2292-y · Cited by 39
Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1): a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for neuroendocrine tumors
Mahalakshmi, B., Baskaran, R., Shanmugavadivu, M., Nguyễn, N. T., & Velmurugan, B. K. (2020) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-020-00505-9 · Cited by 38
Challenges in the clinical implementation of precision medicine companion diagnostics
Keeling, P., Clark, J. J., & Finucane, S. (2020) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2020.1757436 · Cited by 38
Increasing knowledge of mental illness through secondary research of electronic health records: opportunities and challenges
Spiranovic, C., Matthews, A., Scanlan, J., & Kirkby, K. C. (2016) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2015.1063635 · Cited by 37
Field Effect Transistor Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring (4/2024)
Zhang, Z., Hu, J., Lin, S., Wu, J., Xia, F., & Lou, X. (2024) · Interdisciplinary medicine · doi:10.1002/inmd.20240032 · Cited by 42
Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical Background and Clinical Significance
Robberecht, H. J., & Hermans, N. (2016) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2015.0113 · Cited by 38
The Future Role of the United States in Global Health
Fuster, V., Frazer, J., Snair, M., Vedanthan, R., Dzau, V., Frazer, J., Fuster, V., Abbam, G., Batson, A., Burkle, F., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.009 · Cited by 37
Cell-type-specific disturbance of DNA methylation pattern: a chance to get more benefit from and to minimize cohorts for epigenome-wide association studies
Bauer, M. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy029 · Cited by 36
Biomarkers for hepatocellular cancer
Singh, G., Yoshida, E. M., Rathi, S., Marquez, V., Kim, P., Erb, S. R., & Salh, B. S. (2020) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v12.i9.558 · Cited by 40
Imaging-based Machine-learning Models to Predict Clinical Outcomes and Identify Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer
Janssen, B. V., Verhoef, S., Wesdorp, N. J., Huiskens, J., de Boer, O. J., Marquering, H. A., Stoker, J., Geert Kazemier, M., & Besselink, M. G. (2021) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005349 · Cited by 35
Biomarker-based deep learning for personalized nutrition
Panagoulias, D. P., Sotiropoulos, D. N., & Tsihrintzis, G. A. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) · doi:10.1109/ictai52525.2021.00051 · Cited by 36
Enhancing cancer biomarker identification: precise monitoring of MUC1 using V2C/Au nanocomposite-amplified electrochemical biosensor
Zare, N., Karimi‐Maleh, H., Zhang, Z., Fu, L., Rouhi, J., Zhong, N., Wen, Y., & Ghalkhani, M. (2025) · Carbon letters · doi:10.1007/s42823-025-00887-6 · Cited by 36
Metabolomics to Explore Impact of Dairy Intake
Zheng, H. X., Clausen, M. R., Dalsgaard, T. K., & Bertram, H. C. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7064875 · Cited by 37
Liquid biopsy on chip: a paradigm shift towards the understanding of cancer metastasis
Tadimety, A., Syed, A., Nie, Y., Long, C. R., Kready, K. M., & Zhang, J. X. J. (2016) · Integrative Biology · doi:10.1039/c6ib00202a · Cited by 36
Diagnostic value of structural and diffusion imaging measures in schizophrenia
Lee, J. S., Chon, M., Kim, H., Yogesh Rathi, A., Sylvain Bouix, A., Shenton, M. E., & Kubicki, M. R. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.007 · Cited by 36
Novel biomarkers for patient stratification in colorectal cancer: A review of definitions, emerging concepts, and data
Chand, M., Keller, D. S., Mirnezami, R., Bullock, M. D., Bhangu, A. A., Moran, B. J., Tekkis, P. P., Brown, G. M., Mirnezami, A., & Berho, M. E. (2018) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.4251/wjgo.v10.i7.145 · Cited by 36
Phenotypes, endotypes and biomarkers in anaphylaxis: current insights
Sala-Cunill, A., Guilarte, M., & Cardona, V. (2018) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0000000000000472 · Cited by 37
Heart rate mean and variability as a biomarker for phenotypic variation in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder
Bazelmans, T., Jones, E. J. H., Ghods, S. S., Corrigan, S., Toth, K., Charman, T., & Webb, S. J. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1982 · Cited by 41
Revealing the optimal thresholds for movement performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis to benchmark pathological walking behaviour
Ravi, D. K., Gwerder, M., König, N., Baumann, C. R., Uhl, M., van Dieën, J. H., Taylor, W. R., & Singh, N. B. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.008 · Cited by 38
Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder with convolutional autoencoder and structural MRI images
Mostafa, S., & Wu, F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822822-7.00003-x · Cited by 39
Cardiovascular biomarkers in body fluids: progress and prospects in optical sensors
John, R. V., Devasia, T., Nidheesh, V. R., Adigal, S. S., Lukose, J., Kartha, V. B., & Chidangil, S. (2022) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-022-00990-2 · Cited by 36
Methodological and clinical challenges associated with biomarkers for psychiatric disease: A scoping review
Kirkpatrick, R. H., Munoz, D. P., Khalid-Khan, S., & Booij, L. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.023 · Cited by 41
Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges
Ornelas‐González, A., Ortiz‐Martínez, M., González‐González, M., & Rito‐Palomares, M. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26227026 · Cited by 38
Unlocking the secrets of long non-coding RNAs in asthma
Gysens, F., Mestdagh, P., de Lavergne, E. D. B., & Maes, T. (2022) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218359 · Cited by 35
The Challenge of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Diagnosis: From Current Methods to Emerging Biomarkers
Vrâncianu, C. O., Şerban, B., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Barbu, I. C., Cristian, R.-E., Chifiriuc, M. C., & Cîrstoiu, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054320 · Cited by 35
Determination of short-chain fatty acids as putative biomarkers of cancer diseases by modern analytical strategies and tools: a review
Chaľová, P., Ťažký, A., Škultéty, Ľ., Minichová, L., Chovanec, M., Čierniková, S., Mikuš, P., & Piešťanský, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1110235 · Cited by 39
Multimodal Imaging Signatures of Parkinson's Disease
Bowman, F. D., Drake, D. F., & Huddleston, D. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00131 · Cited by 35
Extracellular genomic biomarkers of osteoarthritis
Budd, E., Nalesso, G., & Mobasheri, A. (2017) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2018.1415757 · Cited by 35
Enzymatic Biosensors
Karunakaran, C., Thangamuthu, M., & Sethy, N. K. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803100-1.00003-7 · Cited by 35
Role of novel biomarkers in kidney transplantation
Swanson, K. J., Aziz, F., Garg, N., Mohamed, M., Mandelbrot, D. A., Djamali, A., & Parajuli, S. (2020) · World Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.5500/wjt.v10.i9.230 · Cited by 35
Plasmon-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence detection of traumatic brain injury biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein in blood plasma
Zheng, P., Kasani, S. P. K., Tan, W., Boryczka, J., Gao, X., Yang, F., & Wu, N. (2022) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.339721 · Cited by 35
Development of Cell-Based Sentinels for Nitric Oxide: Ensuring Marker Expression and Unimodality
McKay, R., Hauk, P., Quan, D. N., & Bentley, W. E. (2018) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00146 · Cited by 35
Biomarkers in diagnosing and therapeutic monitoring of tuberculosis: a review
Leo, S., Narasimhan, M., Rathinam, S., & Banerjee, A. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2386030 · Cited by 40
Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Actual and Future Perspectives
Lișcu, H.-D., Verga, N. I., Atasiei, D.-I., Badiu, C. D., Dumitru, A. V., Ultimescu, F., Pavel, C. J. V., Stefan, R.-E., Manole, D.-C., & Ionescu, A.-I. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252111535 · Cited by 35
How quantum computing can enhance biomarker discovery
Flöther, F. F., Blankenberg, D. J., Demidik, M., Jansen, K., Krishnakumar, R., Krishnakumar, R., Laanait, N., Parida, L., Saab, C. Y., & Utro, F. (2025) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2025.101236 · Cited by 54
EEG brain waves and alpha rhythms: Past, current and future direction
Pascucci, D., Menétrey, M. Q., Passarotto, E., Luo, J., Paramento, M., & Rubega, M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106288 · Cited by 34
Real Time Analysis of Bioanalytes in Healthcare, Food, Zoology and Botany
Wang, T., Ramnarayanan, A., & Cheng, H. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18010005 · Cited by 34
Trace Elements in Saliva as Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Marín-Martínez, L., Molino-Pagán, D., & López‐Jornet, P. (2018) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1326-x · Cited by 34
Novel Biomarkers For Cardiovascular Risk
Serra, R., Ielapi, N., Barbetta, A., Andreucci, M., & de Franciscis, S. (2018) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2018-0056 · Cited by 34
Longitudinal blood transcriptomic analysis to identify molecular regulatory patterns of bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle
Sun, H., Srithayakumar, V., Jiminez, J. A., Jin, W., Hosseini, A., Raszek, M., Orsel, K., Guan, L. L., & Plastow, G. S. (2020) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.014 · Cited by 34
Gender Minority Stress, Support, and Inflammation in Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth
McQuillan, M. T., Kuhns, L. M., Miller, A. A., McDade, T. W., & Garofalo, R. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0019 · Cited by 38
Circulating microRNA Signatures in Rodent Models of Pain
Qureshi, R., Tian, Y., McDonald, M. K., Capasso, K. E., Douglas, S. R., Gao, R. Y., Orlova, I. A., Barrett, J. E., Ajit, S. K., & Saçan, A. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9281-4 · Cited by 34
Drug hypersensitivity in the fast lane
Jakubovic, B. D., Vecillas, L. D. L., Jimenez-Rodriguez, T. W., Sanchez-Sanchez, S., & Castells, M. (2020) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.04.005 · Cited by 33
Metabolomics bridging proteomics along metabolites/oncometabolites and protein modifications: Paving the way toward integrative multiomics
Nalbantoğlu, S., & Karadağ, A. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114031 · Cited by 34
The hunt for hidden hearing loss in humans: From preclinical studies to effective interventions
Valderrama, J. T., de la Torre, Á., & McAlpine, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1000304 · Cited by 33
Emerging and Clinically Accepted Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Fares, S., Wehrle, C. J., Hong, H., Sun, K., Jiao, C., Zhang, M., Gross, A. R., Allkushi, E., Uysal, M., Kamath, S. D., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16081453 · Cited by 33
Mapping the ethical landscape of digital biomarkers: A scoping review
Andreoletti, M., Haller, L., Vayena, E., & Blasimme, A. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000519 · Cited by 38
The role of nanodimensions in enhancing electrochemical sensing: A comprehensive review
Jalali, M., Hosseini‐Hosseinabad, S. M., Moakhar, R. S., Jalali, M., Mirzaei, M., Sharma, S. K., Sanati, A., Mahshid, S. S., Mishra, Y. K., & Mahshid, S. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.155714 · Cited by 33
Hyperreflective Retinal Foci (HRF): Definition and Role of an Invaluable OCT Sign
Frizziero, L., Midena, G., Danieli, L., Torresin, T., Perfetto, A., Parrozzani, R., Pilotto, E., & Midena, E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14093021 · Cited by 33
Integration of biomarkers to advance precision nursing interventions for family research across the life span
Corwin, E. J., & Ferranti, E. P. (2016) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.04.007 · Cited by 32
Disentangling the genetic overlap between cholesterol and suicide risk
Knowles, E. E. M., Curran, J. E., Meikle, P. J., Huynh, K., Mathias, S. R., Göring, H. H. H., VandeBerg, J. L., Mahaney, M. C., Jalbrzikowski, M., Mosior, M. K., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0162-1 · Cited by 35
In Search of Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rubido, M. D. V., McCracken, J. T., Hollander, E., Shic, F., Noeldeke, J., Boak, L. M., Khwaja, O., Sadikhov, S., da Fontoura, P. P., & Umbricht, D. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2026 · Cited by 32
Electrophysiology as a theoretical and methodological hub for the neural sciences
Cavanagh, J. F. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13314 · Cited by 36
Unbiased data analytic strategies to improve biomarker discovery in precision medicine
Khan, S. R., Manialawy, Y. M., Wheeler, M. B., & Cox, B. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.018 · Cited by 37
The changing face of pulmonary hypertension diagnosis: a historical perspective on the influence of diagnostics and biomarkers
Hewes, J. L., Lee, J., Fagan, K. A., & Bauer, N. N. (2019) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.1177/2045894019892801 · Cited by 33
Precision Nutrition in Chronic Inflammation
Demetrowitsch, T. J., Schlicht, K., Knappe, C., Zimmermann, J., Jensen‐Kroll, J., Pisarevskaja, A., Brix, F., Brandes, J., Geisler, C., Μαρίνος, Γ., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.587895 · Cited by 35
Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry for Bioanalysis
Garcia-Sala, X., Sabaté, M., Aubets, J., Jansat, J. M., & Sentellas, S. (2021) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations8030033 · Cited by 33
Reframing the environment in data-intensive health sciences
Canali, S., & Leonelli, S. (2022) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.04.006 · Cited by 33
Clinical Utility of Biomarkers in IBD
Rogler, G., & Biedermann, L. (2015) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-015-0449-x · Cited by 33
Early prediction of typical outcome and mild developmental delay for prioritisation of service delivery for very preterm and very low birthweight infants: a study protocol
Caesar, R., Boyd, R. N., Colditz, P. B., Cioni, G., Ware, R. S., Salthouse, K. L., Doherty, J., Jackson, M., Matthews, L., Hurley, T., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010726 · Cited by 33
Can Molecular Biomarkers Change the Paradigm of Pancreatic Cancer Prognosis?
Martínez‐Useros, J., & García‐Foncillas, J. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/4873089 · Cited by 34
Cervical Evaluation
Feltovich, H. M. (2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002106 · Cited by 36
Electrochemical Biosensor Based on TiO 2 Nanomaterials for Cancer Diagnostics
Mavrič, T., Benčina, M., Imani, R., Junkar, I., Valant, M., Kralj‐Iglič, V., & Iglič, A. (2018) · Advances in biomembranes and lipid self-assembly · doi:10.1016/bs.abl.2017.12.003 · Cited by 36
Evaluating Biomarkers as Tools for Early Detection and Prognosis of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review
Alzaabi, M. A., Abdelsalam, A., Alhammadi, M., Hani, H. B., Almheiri, A. M. A., Matrooshi, N. A., & Zaman, K. A. (2024) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2023.24 · Cited by 32
YKL-40 and neuron-specific enolase in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation
Dichev, V., Kazakova, M., & Sarafian, V. S. (2020) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2019-0100 · Cited by 34
Biomarkers for central serous chorioretinopathy
Nkrumah, G., Paez-Escamilla, M. A., Singh, S. R., Rasheed, M. A., Maltsev, D. S., Guduru, A., & Chhablani, J. K. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/2515841420950846 · Cited by 32
Omics Approaches for Understanding Biogenesis, Composition and Functions of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles
Zamith‐Miranda, D., da Silva, R. P., Couvillion, S., Bredeweg, E., Burnet, M., Coelho, C., Camacho, E., Nimrichter, L., Puccia, R., de Almeida, I. C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.648524 · Cited by 32
Performance of urine, blood, and integrated metal biomarkers in relation to birth outcomes in a mixture setting
Ashrap, P., Watkins, D. J., Mukherjee, B., Rosario-Pabón, Z. Y., Vélez-Vega, C. M., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Cordero, J. F., & Meeker, J. D. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111435 · Cited by 32
Predictive biomarkers for systemic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Moldogazieva, N. T., Zavadskiy, S. P., Sologova, S. S., Mokhosoev, I. M., & Terentiev, A. A. (2021) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2021.1987217 · Cited by 32
Electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using luminol-coated silver nanoparticles
Nakhjavani, S. A., Khalilzadeh, B., Afsharan, H., Hosseini, N., Ghahremani, M. H., Carrara, S., Taşoğlu, S., & Omidi, Y. (2023) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-023-05656-8 · Cited by 32
Elosulfase alfa (BMN 110) for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A Syndrome)
Hendriksz, C. J. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1260000 · Cited by 32
A Review of Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Noninvasive Samples
Hartmann, S., & Kist, T. B. L. (2018) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0388 · Cited by 32
Biomarkers for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Emergency Department
Florin, T. A., & Ambroggio, L. (2014) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-014-0451-8 · Cited by 31
Biomarkers in the assessment of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Normando, A. G. C., Rocha, C. L., de Toledo, I. P., Figueiredo, P. T. D. S., dos Reis, P. E. D., Canto, G. D. L., & Guerra, E. N. S. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3783-8 · Cited by 34
Vascular targeted nanotherapeutic approach for obesity treatment
Sibuyi, N. R. S., Meyer, M., Onani, M. O., Skepu, A., & Madiehe, A. M. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s173424 · Cited by 32
The hunt for radiation biomarkers: current situation
Kultová, G., Tichý, A., Řehulková, H., & Myslivcova-Fucikova, A. (2019) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2020.1704909 · Cited by 32
Electro‐kinetically driven route for highly sensitive blood pathology on a paper‐based device
Mani, N. K., Das, S. S., Dawn, S., & Chakraborty, S. K. (2019) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201900356 · Cited by 31
Cloud Server and Internet of Things Assisted System for Stress Monitoring
Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Rashid, M. U., Saxena, R., Akram, S. V., Alshamrani, S. S., & AlGhamdi, A. S. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10243133 · Cited by 32
Future directions for cognitive neuroscience in psychiatry: recommendations for biomarker design based on recent test re-test reliability work
Blair, J., Mathur, A., Haines, N., & Bajaj, S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101102 · Cited by 31
Validation of Sputum Biomarker Immunoassays and Cytokine Expression Profiles in COPD
Mulvanny, A., Pattwell, C., Beech, A. S., Southworth, T. W., & Singh, D. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081949 · Cited by 33
Protease activity as a prognostic factor for wound healing in venous leg ulcers
Westby, M. J., Dumville, J. C., Stubbs, N. C., Norman, G., Wong, J. K. F., Cullum, N. A., & Riley, R. D. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012841 · Cited by 31
The predictive value of masticatory function for adverse health outcomes in older adults: a systematic review
de Smit, M. J., Nijholt, W., Bakker, M. H., & Visser, A. (2024) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100210 · Cited by 30
Biomarker endpoints in cancer cachexia clinical trials: Systematic Review 5 of the cachexia endpoint series
Yule, M. S., Thompson, J., Leesahatsawat, K., Sousa, M. S., Anker, S. D., Arends, J., Balstad, T. R., Brown, L. R., Bye, A., Dajani, O. F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13491 · Cited by 31
Present, Emerging and Possible Future Biomarkers in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC)
Boegemann, M., Schrader, A.-J., Krabbe, L., & Herrmann, E. (2015) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568009615666150204145803 · Cited by 30
Patients at High-Risk for Surgical Site Infection
Mueck, K. M., & Kao, L. S. (2017) · Surgical Infections · doi:10.1089/sur.2017.058 · Cited by 30
Protein biomarkers of neural system
Ghanavatinejad, F., Tabrizi, Z. P. F., Omidghaemi, S., Sharifi, E., Møller, S. G., & Jami, M. (2019) · Journal of Otology · doi:10.1016/j.joto.2019.03.001 · Cited by 31
Quantitative bone imaging biomarkers to diagnose temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Bianchi, J., Gonçalves, J. R., Ruellas, A. C. D. O., Ashman, L. M., Vimort, J.-B., Yatabe, M., Paniagua, B., Hernandez, P., Benavides, E., Soki, F. N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2020.04.018 · Cited by 30
Genetic and Proteomic Contributions to the Pathophysiology of Moyamoya Angiopathy and Related Vascular Diseases
Dorschel, K. B., & Wanebo, J. E. (2021) · The Application of Clinical Genetics · doi:10.2147/tacg.s252736 · Cited by 30
Assessing Social Anxiety Through Digital Biomarkers Embedded in a Gaming Task
Dechant, M., Frommel, J., & Mandryk, R. L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445238 · Cited by 31
Identification of potential biomarkers with colorectal cancer based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning
Hammad, A., Elshaer, M., & Tang, X. (2021) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2021443 · Cited by 30

Authors: Strimbu, K., & Tavel, J. A.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Tavel, Jorge A
Venue: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 6
Pages: 463-466
ISSN: 1746-630X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177
PMC: PMC3078627
OpenAlex: W1980541833
Cited by: 2,062
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 101 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 222 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 178 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 AI999999)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Research Impacts
Keywords: biomarkers, surrogate endpoints, clinical trial endpoints, biomarker validation, terminology definitions
MeSH terms: Diagnosis, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Biomedical Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

What are biomarkers?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks