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Seasonal blood pressure variation assessed by different measurement methods: systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective: The current study reviewed the published evidence on the seasonal changes in blood pressure (BP) assessed using different measurement methods. Methods: A systematic PubMed/EMBASE search was performed for studies assessing seasonal BP changes. Prospective and cross-sectional studies were included fulfilling the following criteria: (i) report of ambulatory and/or home BP data; (ii) cross-sectional studies reporting only office BP measurements and including 1000 or more participants. Results: Forty-seven studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were included (856 539 participants, weighted age 49.7 ± 4.8 years, 38.8% treated hypertensive patients). The pooled summer minus winter SBP/DBP difference (95% confidence intervals) was office BP (29 studies) −5.6 (−7.1, −4.0)/−3.3 (−4.0, −2.7) mmHg; daytime ambulatory BP (15 studies) −3.4 (−4.4, −2.4)/−2.1 (−2.8, −1.4) mmHg; night-time ambulatory BP (13 studies) 1.3 (0.2, 2.3)/0.5 (−0.2, 1.2) mmHg; home BP (9 studies) −6.1 (−7.0, −5.1)/−3.1 (−3.5, −2.6) mmHg. Meta-analysis of 28 prospective studies (N = 5278) which examined the same individuals during different seasons showed pooled seasonal SBP/DBP difference: office BP −5.8/−4.0 mmHg; daytime ambulatory BP −3.9/−2.7 mmHg; night-time ambulatory BP 0.5/−0.5 mmHg; home BP −6.4 /−3.3 mmHg. In meta-regression analysis seasonal systolic daytime ambulatory BP difference was related to the percentage of treated hypertensive patients across studies (P = 0.02) and borderline to age (P = 0.07). Conclusion: Seasonal BP changes are evident using all daytime BP measurement methods, but not with night-time ambulatory BP. The average BP decline in hot season is at about 5/3 (SBP/DBP) mmHg and appears to be larger in treated hypertensive patients and in older individuals.
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“a recent meta-analysis showed that HBPM may also identify these changes [60].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kollias, A., Kyriakoulis, K. G., Stambolliu, E., Ntineri, A., Anagnostopoulos, I., & Stergiou, G. S.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Stergiou, George S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 791-798
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-5598
- OpenAlex
- W2951709757
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- seasonal variation, blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, home blood pressure monitoring, office blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, seasonal temperature effects, nocturnal blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Prospective Studies, Seasons, Systole, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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