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Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that home blood pressure (BP) is being used in clinical practice for the assessment of out-of-office blood pressure in children. However, there is no information on the normal range of home BP in this population. This prospective school-based study was designed to investigate the normal range of home BP in children and adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 778 healthy subjects (358 boys) with mean age 12.3 +/- 3.3 (SD) years (range 6-18 years), height 157 +/- 18 cm (113-198 cm) and weight 50 +/- 18 kg (16-135 kg) were included. Home BP was monitored for 3 days using validated electronic devices (Omron 705IT). RESULTS: Reliable home BP readings provided by 767 subjects (98%) were analysed. Strong correlations were found between systolic home BP and body height (r = 0.49) and age (r = 0.41), whereas for diastolic BP these correlations were poor (r = 0.11 and 0.08, respectively). The 50th (midpoint of distribution) and the 95th percentile (suggested upper normal limit) for systolic and diastolic home BP in children are provided by body height. There was a marked increase in the estimated 95th percentile for systolic home BP with increasing height in boys (from 119 to 134 mmHg) and less so in girls (from 119 to 128 cm). Regarding diastolic home BP, there was little change with increasing height (from 75 to 80 cm) and no difference between boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that home BP monitoring in children and adolescents is feasible. Reference values for home BP in the paediatric population are provided.
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“there is close agreement between home and ambulatory BP monitoring in diagnosing hypertension phenotypes within the range of 80–85% [176–179]”
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“HBPM appears to have several potential advantages over both OBP and ABPM, including user convenience and acceptance, and the ability to obtain multiple measurements in the usual environment over several days, weeks or months [174–179]”
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National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.114.2.s2.555 · Cited by 6,913
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Self-citationTrends in Blood Pressure Among Children and Adolescents
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Prevalence, Persistence, and Clinical Significance of Masked Hypertension in Youth
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Need to clarify when measurements should be made during the day for home blood pressure monitoring
Bovet, P., Chioléro, A., Burnier, M., & Paccaud, F. M. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f16ae6
Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Aktualisierte Therapieempfehlungen
Gilbert, N., & Hager, A. (2015)
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiac Arrhythmias, MI or Hypertension
Alghamdi, O. H., Alamri, H. O., & Eissa, H. A. (2017) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12816/0041688
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Hypertension in Children
Yamaguchi, I., Awazu, M., & Miyashita, Y. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27843-3_55-2
Methods for Measuring Blood Pressure and Applications to Diabetes
Vazeou, A., & Stergiou, G. S. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_37-1
Self-citationAmbulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Methodology and Norms in Children
Wühl, E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_44-1
White Coat and Masked Hypertension
Miyashita, Y., & Hanevold, C. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_61-1
Methodology and Applicability of Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents
Stergiou, G. S., & Ntineri, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_45-2
Self-citationHypertension in End-Stage Renal Disease: Transplantation
Seeman, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_49-2
Methods for Measuring Blood Pressure and Applications to Diabetes
Vazeou, A., & Stergiou, G. S. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_37
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Miyashita, Y., & Hanevold, C. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_61-2
Hypertension in End-Stage Kidney Disease: Transplantation
Seeman, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06231-5_49
Hypertension in End-Stage Kidney Disease: Transplantation
Seeman, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_49-3
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Arterielle Hypertonie im Kindesalter
Pape, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68516-7_32
Arterielle Hypertonie im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Pozza, R. D., & Oberhoffer, R. M. (2026) · Kinder- und Jugendmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2648-2382
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Wühl, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72902-1_8
2026 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines
Stergiou, G. S., Kario, K., Aristizábal, D., Beheiry, H., Cho, M.-C., Colombari, D. S. A., Itoh, H., Jafar, T. H., Jones, E., Li, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000004451
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stergiou, G. S., Yiannes, N. G., Rarra, V. C., & Panagiotakos, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Sotiria General Hospital (GR)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Stergiou, George S
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1375-1379
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968239586
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- home blood pressure monitoring, reference values, children, adolescents, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body height, sex differences, hypertension screening, school-based research
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Body Height, Child, Diastole, Female, Greece, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Systole, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Distribution
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