The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
High prevalence of atrial fibrillation in long-term endurance cross-country skiers: Echocardiographic findings and possible predictors—A 28–30 years follow-up study
Abstract
Background Lone atrial fibrillation (LAF) seems to be more common in endurance-trained male athletes than in men in the general population. The reason for this has not been found. Aim To determine the prevalence of LAF in long-term endurance cross-country skiers and to examine possible predictors. Methods Of 149 healthy, long-term trained cross-country skiers from three different age groups who were invited, 122 and 117 participated in the studies in 1976 and 1981, respectively. At follow-up in 2004-2006, 78 men participated, with 33 in age group I (54-62 years), 37 in group II (72-80 years) and eight in group III (87-92 years), whereas 37 individuals had died and seven could not be tracked. The examination programme applied in 1976, 1981 and 2004-2006 consisted of an electrocardiographic monitoring during rest and exercise and a maximal exercise test. Echocardiography was performed in 2004-2006. Results A high prevalence (12.8%) of LAF was found. The only predictor from both 1976 and 1981 associated with LAF was a long PQ time (r=0.38, P=0.001 and r=0.27, P=0.02, respectively), whereas bradycardia was another predictor from 1981 (r=0.29, P=0.012). At follow-up, left atrial enlargement was a marker associated with LAF (P Conclusion Long PQ time, bradycardia and left atrial enlargement seem to be important risk factors for LAF among long-term endurance cross-country skiers.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, most athletes present a lower baseline resting heart rate, which is also a predictor of AF [49,57].”
From Atrial Fibrillation in Elite Athletes: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
Sahn, D. J., DeMaria, A. N., KISSLO, J. A., & Weyman, A. E. (1978) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.58.6.1072 · Cited by 7,430
Kannel, W. B., Wolf, P. A., Benjamin, E. J., & Levy, D. (1998) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00583-9 · Cited by 2,033
Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study
Heeringa, J., van der Kuip, D. A. M., Hofman, A., Kors, J. A., van Herpen, G., Stricker, B. H. C., Stijnen, T., Lip, G. Y. H., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi825 · Cited by 1,939
Åstrand, P. O., & Ryhming, I. (1954) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1954.7.2.218 · Cited by 1,558
Clinical Significance of Abnormal Electrocardiographic Patterns in Trained Athletes
Pelliccia, A., Maron, B. J., Culasso, F., Paolo, F. M. D., Spataro, A., Biffi, A., Caselli, G., & Piovano, P. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.3.278 · Cited by 551
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Left Atrial Remodeling in Competitive Athletes
Pelliccia, A., Maron, B. J., Di Paolo, F. M., Biffi, A., Quattrini, F. M., Pisicchio, C., Roselli, A., Caselli, S., & Culasso, F. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.052 · Cited by 443
Spirito, P., Pelliccia, A., Proschan, M. A., Granata, M., Spataro, A., Bellone, P., Caselli, G., Biffi, A., Vecchio, C., & Maron, B. J. (1994) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(94)90439-1 · Cited by 411
Jahangir, A., Lee, V., Friedman, P. A., Trusty, J. M., Hodge, D. O., Kopecky, S. L., Packer, D. L., Hammill, S. C., Shen, W.-K., & Gersh, B. J. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.644484 · Cited by 392
Sinus node disease and arrhythmias in the long-term follow-up of former professional cyclists
Baldesberger, S., Bauersfeld, U., CANDINAS, R., Seifert, B., Zuber, M., Ritter, M., Jenni, R., Oechslin, E. N., Luthi, P., Scharf, C., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm555 · Cited by 352
Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation
Mont, L. (2002) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2802 · Cited by 331
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Furlanello F, 1998, J Cardiovasc Electophsyiol, 9, S63
- Luthi P, 2008, Eur J Echocard, 9, 261
- Astrand I, 1967, Acta Med Scand, 481
- Hoogsten J, 1997, Cardiologie, 12, 506
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–176 of 176
Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes
Goudis, C. A., Ntalas, I. V., & Ketikoglou, D. G. (2014) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000049 · Cited by 13
Olshansky, B., & Sullivan, R. M. (2014) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2014.02.2047 · Cited by 13
Impact of endurance exercise on the heart of cyclists: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wundersitz, D. W. T., Gordon, B. A., Lavie, C. J., Nadurata, V., & Kingsley, M. (2020) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.07.004 · Cited by 11
Practical guidance for management of atrial fibrillation in sports cardiology
Palermi, A., Molinari, L. V., Ricci, F., Gallina, S., & Renda, G. (2025) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2025.102995 · Cited by 12
Slow Heart Rate Predicts New Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation
Hai, J. J., Chan, P., Tse, H., & Siu, C. (2015) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2015.04.185 · Cited by 8
Fragakis, N., Pagourelias, E. D., Koskinas, K. C., & Vassilikos, V. P. (2013) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e31827fd9ab · Cited by 8
Cipriani, A., Vio, R., Mastella, G., Ciarmatori, N., Monte, A. D., Trovato, D., Iliceto, S., Schiavon, M., Bertaglia, E., Corrado, D., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319880042 · Cited by 9
Wehrens, X. H. T., Chiang, D. Y.-E., & Li, N. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.070 · Cited by 8
Atrial Fibrillation in Elite Athletes: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Kourek, C., Briasoulis, A., Tsougos, E., & Paraskevaidis, I. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd11100315 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, most athletes present a lower baseline resting heart rate, which is also a predictor of AF [49,57].”
BackgroundMinardi, S., Sciarra, L., Robles, A. G., Scarà, A., Sciarra, F., Luca, G. D. M. D., & Romano, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1384213 · Cited by 10
Bisbal, F., & Mont, L. (2012) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-012-0182-1 · Cited by 7
The Estimated Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Related to Alcohol Consumption.
Rosenberg, M. A., & Mukamal, K. J. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.4022/jafib.424 · Cited by 7
Christensen, S. W., Berg, S. K., Rod, N. H., Zwisler, A., Thygesen, L. C., & Risom, S. S. (2020) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.020 · Cited by 7
Sharma, S., Papadakis, M., & Whyte, G. P. (2010) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.195172 · Cited by 7
Endurance Sports and Atrial Fibrillation: A Puzzling Conundrum
Ostojic, M., Ostojić, M., Petrović, O., Nedeljkovic‐Arsenovic, O., Perone, F., Banović, M., Stojmenović, T., Stojmenovič, D., Giga, V. L., Beleslin, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13247691 · Cited by 10
Exercise and Athletic Activity in Atrial Fibrillation
Kherlopian, A., Weinshel, S., Madias, C. A., & Estes, N. A. M. (2021) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2020.10.005 · Cited by 7
Exercising recommendations for paroxysmal AF in young and middle-aged athletes (PAFIYAMA) syndrome
Pérez-Quilis, C., Lippi, G., Cervellin, G., Löllgen, H., & Sanchis‐Gomar, F. (2017) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2017.01.02 · Cited by 6
Xu, W., Huang, Y.-M., Shen, T., Gong, Y., Dong, R., Xia, L., & Xie, T. (2021) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00268-2 · Cited by 6
Cervellin, G., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., Filice, I., & Lippi, G. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.21037/cdt.2017.11.04 · Cited by 6
Exercise and atrial fibrillation: how health turns harm, and how to turn it back
Tirapu, L., Antonio, R. S., Tolosana, J. M., Roca‐Luque, I., Mont, L., & Guasch, E. (2019) · Minerva Cardioangiologica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4725.19.04998-3 · Cited by 6
Sørensen, E., Myrstad, M., Solberg, M. G., Øie, E., Platonov, P. G., Carlson, J., Tveit, A., & Aarønæs, M. (2023) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1111/echo.15634 · Cited by 5
Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes
Hättasch, R., Spethmann, S., de Boer, R. A., Ruifrok, W.-P. T., Schattke, S., Wagner, M., Sanad, W., Schimke, I., Baumann, G., & Knebel, F. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5765 · Cited by 5
Antonio, R. S., Guasch, E., Tolosana, J. M., & Mont, L. (2018) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2019.1550720 · Cited by 4
Sung, D.-J., Jeon, Y.-K., Choi, J., Kim, B., Golpasandi, S., Park, S. W., Bae, Y. M., & Oh, S.-B. (2022) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.5.313 · Cited by 4
Campello, E., Cappugi, C., Catalani, F., Poli, D., & Bucciarelli, P. (2025) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/a-2632-3197 · Cited by 4
Konieczny, K. M., Banks, L., Osman, W., Glibbery, M., Connelly, K. A., Yan, A. T.-K., Goodman, J. M., & Dorian, P. (2019) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2019.07.002 · Cited by 3
Endurance Exercise Induced Atrial Fibrillation (AF): Pathophysiology, Treatment and Prevention
Leowattana, W. (2020) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2020.28.004640 · Cited by 3
Voltage mapping and pulmonary vein isolation in master athletes with atrial fibrillation
Liu, B., Pagan, E., Beccarino, N. J., Chang, D., Dulmovits, E., & BELDNER, S. J. (2022) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.14602 · Cited by 3
Right Heart Resilience and Atrial Fibrillation Risk in Long-Term Endurance Athletes
Petek, B. J., Hayes, D., & Wasfy, M. M. (2022) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2022.09.019 · Cited by 4
Keithler, A. N., Wilson, A. S., Yuan, A., Sosa, J. M., & Bush, K. N. V. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02542-8 · Cited by 3
Left atrial functional response after a marathon in healthy amateur volunteers
Hirata, Y., Kusunose, K., Yamada, H., Morita, S. X., TORII, Y., Nishio, S., Zheng, R., Saijo, Y., Fukuda, D., Yagi, S., et al. (2018) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-018-1502-2 · Cited by 2
Atrial Adaptations in Athletes Heart
Stadter, P., & Keller, K. (2024) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1111/echo.15931 · Cited by 2
Competitive Endurance Activities of Middle-aged Athletes as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation
Sarcevic, Z. Z., & Tepavčević, A. (2018) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000535 · Cited by 2
Cardiac autonomic regulation following a 246-km mountain ultra-marathon: An observational study
Tsai, I.-H., Kao, W., How, C., Li, L.-H., Lin, Y., Kung, L.-C., Chiu, Y., Chien, D., & Chang, W. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038756 · Cited by 1
Paepe, J. D., Witters, A., Bosscher, R. D., Dausin, C., Pauwels, R., Delpire, B., Bekhuis, Y., Heidbüchel, H., Claessen, G., Gerche, A. L., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeag089 · Cited by 1
Exercise-Induced Right Heart Disease in Athletes
Prior, D., & Gerche, A. L. (2014) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1065-6_15 · Cited by 1
Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Athletes, Including Commotio Cordis
Link, M. S., & Estes, N. A. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44733-1.00108-5 · Cited by 1
Hypertension and other risk factors of atrial fibrillation in athletes
Bondarev, S., Ачкасов, Е. Е., Смирнов, В. В., Shishkin, A. N., Khudyakova, N. V., & Rybka, T. G. (2020) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2020-26-4-362-370 · Cited by 1
Atrial fibrillation in elite athletes. What is missing?
Tsougos, E., Giallafos, E., & PARASKEVAIDIS, I. A. (2022) · Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.29328/journal.jccm.1001139 · Cited by 1
Cardiovascular Evaluation and Treatment in the Endurance Athlete
Hornick, A., & Daniels, C. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26600-3_2 · Cited by 1
Gioia, G. D., Vespasiano, F., Maestrini, V., Monosilio, S., Segreti, A., Lemme, E., Squeo, M. R., Serdoz, A., & Pelliccia, A. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001657 · Cited by 1
The Ladies' Trophy and the flip side of the medal
Myrstad, M. (2025) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.25.0080 · Cited by 1
Endurance Exercise and Atrial Fibrillation
Sareban, M., Guasch, E., & Mont, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35374-2_33 · Cited by 1
Development of special endurance for cross-country skiers of 15-17 years old
Vysotskaya, T. P., & Golubnichy, S. (2021) · Autumn Conferences of Sports Science · doi:10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc2.06 · Cited by 1
Atrial fibrillation and physical activity
Apor, P. (2013) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2013.29554
The Athlete's heart and the endless pursuit of prediction factors
Rivarola, E. W. R. (2011) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000300001
The relationship between exercise and the healthy heart: trouble in paradise?
Grimsmo, J., & Arnesen, H. (2010) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.10.69
Self-citationPrevalence and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Middle-Aged/Older Athletes
Sacchi, S., Mascia, G., Biase, L. D., Santangeli, P., BURKHARDT, J. D., Padeletti, L., & Natale, A. (2013) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2012.11.002
Physical activity and atrial fibrillation
Marshall, T. P. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304541
Fysisk aktivitet og effekt på hjertesykdom og død
Morseth, B., & Løchen, M. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Fibrillation auriculaire et activité physique Faut-il être prudent?
Bosomworth, N. J. (2015) · PubMed Central
Myrstad, M. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes: The Role of Exercise.
Turagam, M. K., Velagapudi, P., & Kocheril, A. G. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.4022/jafib.1004
Sport trotz Herzrhythmusstörungen
Müssigbrodt, A., Belle, Y. V., Richter, S., Arya, A., Bollmann, A., & Hindricks, G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43711-7_21
Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes
Guasch, E., & Mont, L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119046899.ch37
Fibrillation auriculaire et activité physique
Bosomworth, N. J. (2015) · Canadian Family Physician
Nursing considerations of physical activity in AF
Ting, F. F. (2018) · British Journal of Cardiac Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjca.2018.13.2.70
Arrhythmias due to athletic training
MacLachlan, H., & Sharma, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817728-0.00029-2
ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА И МЕХАНИЗМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ФИБРИЛЛЯЦИИ ПРЕДСЕРДИЙ У СПОРТСМЕНОВ
Bondarev, S., Смирнов, В. В., Ачкасов, Е. Е., Shishkin, A. N., & Худякова, Н. В. (2020) · Juvenis scientia
Glibbery, M. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
moghaddam, A. M., Tadıbı, V., Behpoor, N., & Nazari, A. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology · doi:10.52547/joeppa.14.1.73
RISK FACTORS AND MECHANISMS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DEVELOPMENT IN ATHLETES
Bondarev, S., Смирнов, В. В., Ачкасов, Е. Е., Shishkin, A. N., & Hudiakova, N. V. (2020) · Juvenis scientia · doi:10.32415/jscientia_2020_6_3_19-27
The Athlete's heart and the endless pursuit of prediction factors
Rivarola, E. W. R. (2011) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2255-4823(11)70051-0
The Athlete's heart and the endless pursuit of prediction factors
Rivarola, E. W. R. (2011) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1016/s0104-4230(11)70051-3
Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Athletes, Including Commotio Cordis
Link, M. S., & Estes, N. A. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2856-5.00108-4
Mandsager, K. T., & Phelan, D. M. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69384-8_10
Sport und Herzrhythmusstörungen
Müssigbrodt, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65165-0_25
Effects of different intensity endurance training on atrial fibrillation in rats
Xiao, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, C., Yang, C., Jiang, Y., Lai, X., & Lin, Z. (2026) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-026-05655-2
Soattin, L., Topál, L., Tikhomirov, R., Lagomarsino-Oneto, D., Al-Othman, S., Lee, A. W. C., Saluja, S., Hornyik, T., Husti, Z., Pintér, J. A., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag358 · Cited by 1
Atrial Fibrillation in 63-Year-Old Former Elite Endurance Athletes: A 38-Year Follow-Up Study
Björnstad, H. H., Bjørnstad, T. H., Sandberg, E. L., Hjertvikrem, N., & Chen, J. (2025) · Biomedicine Hub · doi:10.1159/000548326
Patel, R., Kemp, C. L., Hafejee, M., Peckham, N., Jain, V., McCann, G. P., & Pallikadavath, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14516614
Stumpf, C. (2026) · Aktuelle Kardiologie · doi:10.1055/a-2804-4252
Atrial fibrillation risk in athletes: it's not the sport, it's the mileage
Myrstad, M., Mølmshaug, E., & Johansen, K. R. (2026) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeag090
Atrial fibrillation among women in endurance sports: sex-specific risk and mechanisms
Piccolo, S., Sarai, A., Giuriato, G., Dorelli, G., Tomasi, L., Scarsini, R., Ribichini, F. L., Schena, F., Mugnai, G., & Venturelli, M. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06433-0
Atrial Fibrillation In Athletes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Evaluation and Management.
(2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.4022/jafib.1309 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Grimsmo, J., Grundvold, I., Maehlum, S., & Arnesen, H.
- Affiliations
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Feiringklinikken (The Feiring Heart Clinic), Feiring
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Norwegian Institute of Sports Medicine (Hjelp24NIMI), Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author
- Grimsmo, Jostein
- Venue
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100-105
- ISSN
- 1741-8267 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093812360
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Keywords
- lone atrial fibrillation, cross-country skiers, endurance athletes, prevalence, risk factors, bradycardia, left atrial enlargement, echocardiography, ECG monitoring, maximal exercise test, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrial Fibrillation, Bradycardia, Electrocardiography, Exercise Test, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Atria, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Physical Endurance, Risk Factors, Skiing, Time Factors, Echocardiography, Doppler, Prevalence, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
