Cited by 106Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlSports injuries and prevention

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Psychological and Physiological Markers of Stress in Concussed Athletes Across Recovery Milestones

Hutchison, Michael G., Mainwaring, Lynda, Senthinathan, Arrani, Churchill, Nathan, Thomas, Scott, Richards, Doug·2017·Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation

DOI 10.1097/htr.0000000000000252

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Abstract

Background: Sport-related concussions are associated with a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances that are highly variable across individuals. Much remains unknown about the effects of sport concussion, and changes in markers of psychological and physiological stress over the recovery timeline. Objective: To examine psychological (mood, stress, sleep quality, and symptoms) and physiological (heart rate variability and salivary cortisol) measures in concussed athletes over clinical recovery milestones. Setting: University athletic program, sport medicine clinic, Canada. Participants: A sample of 52 interuniversity athletes (32 male and 20 female), 26 with concussion and 26 healthy controls. Design: Case-control repeated measures study at 3 time points of the clinical recovery process. Measures were administered to a matched control sample of uninjured athletes as well. Main Measures: Physiological measures were heart rate variability and salivary cortisol; psychological measures were mood, perceived stress, and quality of sleep. Results: Psychological measures were significantly worse for concussed athletes relative to controls at the symptomatic phase (acute injury), but significantly better at return-to-play (RTP). Multivariate analysis of heart rate variability identified main effects of sex and concussion, with reduced high-frequency heart rate variability for females and concussed athletes extending into the post-RTP phase. An interaction effect was also observed, showing the cardiac response of female athletes was more sensitive to concussion compared with males. Conversely, male athletes showed greater suppression of low-frequency heart rate variability associated with mood disturbances. Conclusion: This integrated study of psychological and physiological markers in concussed athletes confirmed the resolution of mood disturbances, symptoms, and sleep quality by RTP, but identified autonomic nervous system disturbances, as measured by depressed heart rate variability beyond RTP.

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Authors: Hutchison, M. G., Mainwaring, L., Senthinathan, A., Churchill, N., Thomas, S., & Richards, D.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Hutchison, Michael G.
Mainwaring, Lynda
Senthinathan, Arrani
Churchill, Nathan
Thomas, Scott
Richards, Doug
Venue: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2017-05
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: E38-E48
ISSN: 0885-9701 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000252
OpenAlex: W2513771625
Cited by: 106
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8
FWCI: 9.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2012-ABI-CAT1-971)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Keywords: sports-related concussion, athletes, return to sport, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol, stress, mood disturbance, sleep quality, autonomic nervous system, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Athletic Injuries, Brain Concussion, Canada, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prognosis, Saliva, Sex Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sports Medicine, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Risk Assessment, Mood Disorders, Recovery of Function, Young Adult, Self Report

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Psychological and Physiological Markers of Stress in Concussed Athletes Across Recovery Milestones

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