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RISK FACTORS FOR PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN A LATINO AMERICAN POPULATION
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PURPOSE: To assess the personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Latino Americans in Los Angeles County. METHODS: In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case control study, seven hundred and twenty-nine subjects from Los Angeles County University of Southern California Medical Center (LAC + USC), Los Angeles, CA, were enrolled. All patients were recruited prospectively from the LAC + USC Medical Center and affiliated clinics between June 2008 and June 2011. Complete personal data and results from systemic and ophthalmic examinations were collected for all enrolled subjects. Laboratory tests such as glycosylated hemoglobin, creatinine levels, and cholesterol levels were collected prospectively by drawing blood at the time of each patient's clinic visit. The main outcome measures were age, gender, type of diabetes mellitus (DM I or II) duration of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, history of insulin use, height, weight, and body mass index, smoking history, glycosylated hemoglobin, creatinine levels, and cholesterol levels. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects with no diabetic retinopathy was 56.38 years (SD, 10.16), whereas that of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy was 57.43 years (SD, 9.63). Parameters that conferred a statistically significant increased risk for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the multivariate model included gender (men were at higher risk: odds ratio [OR], 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56-6.58), insulin use (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.13-3.03), history of hypertension (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.02-2.63), and duration (>25 years vs. 10-15 years) of diabetes (OR, 22.00; 95% CI, 9.76-49.60). CONCLUSION: In this case-control study in a Latino population, duration of diabetes and male gender were the strongest risk factor for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy followed by insulin use and hypertension. Interestingly, smoking and glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not confer additional significant risk in this cohort.
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“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Mexican-American Population
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Leong, A., Wolf, R. M., Channa, R., Wang, J., Lehmann, H., Abramoff, M. D., & Liu, T. Y. A. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02460-5 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Nittala, M. G., Keane, P. A., Zhang, K., & Sadda, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nittala, Muneeswar G.
- Sadda, Srinivas R.
- Venue
- Retina
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1594-1599
- ISSN
- 0275-004X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4110161
- OpenAlex
- W945151554
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Retina (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2010-18-004)
- Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS-SGCL6-Keane)
- National Eye Institute (P30EY003040, R01EY019270, #EY03040, R01EY014375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- proliferative diabetic retinopathy, risk factors, Hispanic Americans, diabetes duration, male gender, insulin use, hypertension, HbA1c, smoking, body mass index, Los Angeles County
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Los Angeles, Retinal Neovascularization, Body Mass Index, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Young Adult
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