The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Precede Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma?
Open accessAbstract
It is often said that substantial retinal ganglion cells are lost before glaucomatous damage is detected by standard automated perimetry. There are 4 key articles referenced to support this belief. To test the hypothesis that the 4 key articles are incorrectly cited, the publications in the first 6 months of 2019 that reference 1 or more of these 4 articles were examined. In particular, the degree to which the quotes from these 2019 publications accurately reflected the evidence in the 4 key articles was assessed. These quotes are inadequately supported by the data, and in some cases even by the conclusions found in the abstracts of the key articles. This is despite several review articles that have questioned the evidence in these key articles. Further, a case can be made that the evidence in the key articles better supports the opposite conclusion. That is, the data suggest that sensitivity loss can be seen on standard automated perimetry before retinal ganglion cells are missing.
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In the citing paper
“Many glaucoma patients continue to progress and lose vision, in spite of achieving optimal IOP levels under IOP-lowering therapies and there is no evidence that glaucoma patients spontaneously recover vision over the long term (Chang and Goldberg, 2012; Hood, 2019; Kass et al., 2002; Pascale et al., 2012).”
From Sustained Vision Recovery by OSK Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma (2023) · cites this paper as Hood, 2019
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In the citing paper
“Many glaucoma patients continue to progress and lose vision, in spite of achieving optimal IOP levels under IOP-lowering therapies and there is no evidence that glaucoma patients spontaneously recover vision over the long term (Chang and Goldberg, 2012; Hood, 2019; Kass et al., 2002; Pascale et al., 2012).”
From Sustained Vision Recovery by OSK Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma (2023) · cites this paper as Hood, 2019
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Citations
Cites
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 · Cited by 7,267
Quigley, H. A. (1982) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030137016 · Cited by 1,177
Retinal Ganglion Cell Atrophy Correlated With Automated Perimetry in Human Eyes With Glaucoma
Quigley, H. A., Dunkelberger, G. R., & Green, W. R. (1989) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(89)90488-1 · Cited by 1,123
Kerrigan, L. A., Quigley, H. A., Pease, M. E., Kerrigan, D., & Mitchell, R. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 869
A framework for comparing structural and functional measures of glaucomatous damage
Hood, D. C., & Kardon, R. H. (2007) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.08.001 · Cited by 703
Self-citationGanglion cell losses underlying visual field defects from experimental glaucoma.
Harwerth, R. S., Carter‐Dawson, L. D., Shen, F., Smith, E. L., III, & Crawford, M. L. J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 472
Garway‐Heath, D. F., Caprioli, J., Fitzke, F. W., & Hitchings, R. A. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 276
Relationship between electrophysiological, psychophysical, and anatomical measurements in glaucoma.
Garway‐Heath, D. F., Holder, G. E., Fitzke, F. W., & Hitchings, R. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 256
‘Structure–function relationship’ in glaucoma: past thinking and current concepts
Malik, R., Swanson, W. H., & Garway‐Heath, D. F. (2012) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02770.x · Cited by 241
Imaging and quantifying ganglion cells and other transparent neurons in the living human retina
Liu, Z., Kurokawa, K., Zhang, F., Lee, J. J., & Miller, D. T. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711734114 · Cited by 228
Cited by
Hood, D. C., Bruna, S. L., Tsamis, E., Thakoor, K. A., Rai, A., Leshno, A., Moraes, C. G. V. D., Cioffi, G. A., & Liebmann, J. M. (2022) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101052 · Cited by 104
Self-citationQuantification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Morphology in Human Glaucomatous Eyes
Liu, Z., Saeedi, O. J., Zhang, F., Villanueva, R., Asanad, S., Agrawal, A., & Hammer, D. X. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.3.34 · Cited by 45
Sustained Vision Recovery by OSK Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma
Karg, M. M., Lu, Y. R., Refaian, N., Cameron, J., Hoffmann, E., Hoppe, C., Shirahama, S., Shah, M., Krasniqi, D., Krishnan, A., et al. (2023) · Cellular Reprogramming · doi:10.1089/cell.2023.0074 · Cited by 34
A Case for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma Assessment
Schuman, J. S., Cadena, M. D. L. A. R., McGee, R., Al‐Aswad, L. A., Medeiros, F. A., Abràmoff, M. D., Blumenkranz, M. S., Chew, E. Y., Chiang, M. F., Eydelman, M. B., et al. (2021) · Ophthalmology Glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2021.12.003 · Cited by 34
Self-citationTime Lag Between Functional Change and Loss of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Glaucoma
Gardiner, S. K., Mansberger, S. L., & Fortune, B. A. (2020) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.61.13.5 · Cited by 26
Ophthalmic imaging for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma: A review
Elgin, C. Y., Chen, D. K., & Al‐Aswad, L. A. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.14044 · Cited by 24
Visual fields in glaucoma: Where are we now?
Lee, G. A., Kong, G. Y. X., & Liu, C. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.14210 · Cited by 21
Bruna, S. L., Tsamis, E., Zemborain, Z. Z., Wu, Z., Moraes, C. G. D., Ritch, R. H., & Hood, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000001571 · Cited by 18
Self-citationImproving the Detection of Glaucoma and Its Progression: A Topographical Approach
Hood, D. C., Zemborain, Z. Z., Tsamis, E., & Moraes, C. G. D. (2020) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000001553 · Cited by 16
Self-citationSlowed Saccadic Reaction Times in Seemingly Normal Parts of Glaucomatous Visual Fields
Thepass, G., Lemij, H. G., Vermeer, K. A., van der Steen, J., & Pel, J. J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.679297 · Cited by 15
Electrical neurostimulation in glaucoma with progressive vision loss
Erb, C., Eckert, S., Gindorf, P., Köhler, M., Köhler, T., Neuhann, L., Neuhann, T. F., Salzmann, N., Schmickler, S., & Ellrich, J. (2022) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-022-00089-9 · Cited by 15
Li, X., Jia, W., Xiaowen, Y., Wenfang, X., Zhang, W., Yanjun, H., & Peng, X. (2022) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-022-01248-6 · Cited by 12
Long-term retinal protection by MEK inhibition in Pax6 haploinsufficiency mice
Cole, J. D., McHaney, K. M., Rabiee, B., Gao, J., Rodriguez, C., Miller, D. A., Liu, M., Grannonico, M., Norat, P., Zhang, H. F., et al. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109012 · Cited by 8
Characterization of neural damage and neuroinflammation in Pax6 small-eye mice
Cole, J. D., McDaniel, J. A., Nilak, J., Ban, A., Rodriguez, C. M., Hameed, Z., Grannonico, M., Netland, P. A., Yang, H., Provencio, I., et al. (2023) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2023.109723 · Cited by 7
Zhang, P., Vafaeva, O., Dolf, C., Ma, Y., Wang, G., Cho, J., Chan, H. H., Marsh‐Armstrong, N., & Zawadzki, R. J. (2023) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.504637 · Cited by 7
Srinivasan, V. V., Carter‐Dawson, L. D., & Patel, N. B. (2024) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.65.8.22 · Cited by 5
Mehta, B., Ranjan, S., Sharma, V., Singh, N., Raghav, N., Dholakia, A., Bhargava, R., Reddy, P. L. S., & Bargujar, P. (2023) · Journal of Current Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/joco.joco_124_23 · Cited by 4
Dabbah, S., Bjerager, J., Belmouhand, M., Rothenbuehler, S. P., Munch, I. C., Kolko, M., & Larsen, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237193 · Cited by 2
Premacular membranes and glaucoma: a review of clinical and therapeutic considerations
Dervenis, N., Sandinha, T., Sychev, I., & STEEL, D. H. (2025) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-025-06796-8 · Cited by 2
Pérez‐Carrasco, M. J., Carballo, J., Barbur, J. L., & Puell, M. C. (2021) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.10.12.16 · Cited by 2
Gibt es statisch-strukturelle Biomarker bei den Glaukomen mit der OCT?
Mardin, C. Y. (2022) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1688-1601 · Cited by 2
Ochi, H., Kurimoto, T., Yamagami, A., Goto, K., Miki, A., Kawai, M., Ishikawa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Kondo, M., Mochizuki, Y., et al. (2023) · Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10384-023-01008-4 · Cited by 2
Comparing retinal sensitivities on blue-on-yellow and green-on-yellow perimetry in glaucoma suspects
Pokal, U., Swathi, N., Rajalakshmi, A. R., & Lokeshmaran, A. (2022) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_944_22 · Cited by 2
Rao, A., & Khan, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000002179 · Cited by 1
Xiaoyan, P., & Li, X. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1634083/v1
Smaller spot sizes show bitemporal visual field defects missed by standard Humphrey perimetry
Tsai, N. Y., & Horton, J. C. (2025) · American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102448
Chen, S.-Y., Yieh, F.-S., Wu, P.-Y., Chiang, S., & Hsieh, C. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103363 · Cited by 1
Guo, Y., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-026-07556-y
Assessment Setting Affects the Evaluation of Functional Mobility in Older Adults with Glaucoma
Baillargeon, E. M., Nagarajan, N., Ojeda, L., Nguyen, P., Alexander, N. B., Redfern, M. S., Cham, R., & Bicket, A. K. (2026) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2026.110679
Metadata
- Authors
- Hood, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hood, Donald C.
- Venue
- Journal of Glaucoma
- Published
- 2019-10-23
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 945-951
- ISSN
- 1057-0829 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7343057
- OpenAlex
- W2985913717
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Glaucoma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY002115)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Glaucoma and retinal disorders
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- glaucoma, retinal ganglion cell death, visual field defects, standard automated perimetry, sensitivity loss, citation analysis, visual field testing
- MeSH terms
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Retinal Diseases, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Vision Disorders, Visual Fields, Visual Field Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
