The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya.

Abdullahi, Osman; Nyiro, Joyce; Lewa, Pole; Slack, Mary; Scott, J Anthony G.

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31814da70c

Cited by 168Pneumonia and Respiratory InfectionsBacterial Infections and VaccinesMicrobial infections and disease research

The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya.

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Abdullahi, Osman, Nyiro, Joyce, Lewa, Pole, Slack, Mary, Scott, J Anthony G.·2008·Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

DOI 10.1097/inf.0b013e31814da70cPMC PMC2382474

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Transmission and nasopharyngeal colonization are necessary steps en route to invasive pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae disease but their patterns vary geographically. In East Africa we do not know how these pathogens are transmitted between population subgroups nor which serotypes circulate commonly. METHODS: We did 2 cross-sectional nasopharyngeal swab surveys selecting subjects randomly from a population register to estimate prevalence and risk-factors for carriage in 2004. H. influenzae type b vaccine was introduced in 2001. RESULTS: Of 450 individuals sampled in the dry season, 414 were resampled during the rainy season. Among subjects 0-4, 5-9, and 10-85 years old pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 57%, 41%, and 6.4%, respectively. H. influenzae prevalence was 26%, 24%, and 3.0%, respectively. Prevalence of H. influenzae type b in children <5 years was 1.7%. Significant risk factors for pneumococcal carriage were rainy season (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65), coryza (OR: 2.29), and coculture of noncapsulate H. influenzae (OR: 7.46). Coryza was also a risk factor for H. influenzae carriage (OR: 1.90). Of 128 H. influenzae isolates, 113 were noncapsulate. Among 279 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 40 serotypes were represented and the distribution of serotypes varied significantly with age; 7-valent vaccine-types, vaccine-related types, and nonvaccine types comprised 47%, 19%, and 34% of strains from children aged <5 years. Among older persons they comprised 25%, 28%, and 47%, respectively (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that pneumococcal carriage is common up to 9 years of age and that the majority of serotypes carried at all ages are not covered specifically by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

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There is a positive association between colonization of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, and colonization is a prerequisite for disease.
“Of course it is known that there is a positive association between the colonization of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, and colonization is a prerequisite for disease, so the presence of such co-infection fits with current knowledge (Jacoby et al., 2007; Abdullahi et al., 2008).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Abdullahi et al., 2008

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Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Disrupts the Microbial Community within the Upper Respiratory Tract of Aging Mice
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Associations Between Viral and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in the Nasopharynx of Children With and Without Respiratory Symptoms
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Acquisition of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine-naïve South African Children and Their Mothers
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Role of Inflammatory Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Seasonality of Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Rural Gambia Determined within the Context of a Cluster Randomized Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial
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Clinical characteristics of children with lower respiratory tract infections are dependent on the carriage of specific pathogens in the nasopharynx
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From Infectious Diseases to Primary Immunodeficiencies
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Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among HIV-infected and –uninfected children <5 years of age before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Mozambique
Verani, J. R., Massora, S., Acácio, S., Santos, R., Vubil, D. C., Pimenta, F. C., Moura, I. S., Whitney, C. G., Costa, M. H., Macete, E., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191113 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Epidemiology of pneumococcal carriage in children under five years of age in Accra, Ghana
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An agent-based model simulation of influenza interactions at the host level: insight into the influenza-related burden of pneumococcal infections
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Epidemiology of respiratory pathogen carriage in the homeless population within two shelters in Marseille, France, 2015–2017: cross sectional 1-day surveys
Ly, T. D. A., Edouard, S., Badiaga, S., Tissot‐Dupont, H., Hoang, V. T., de Santi, V. P., Brouqui, P., Raoult, D., & Gautret, P. (2018) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.032 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and density in infants and young children in Laos PDR
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Early Declines in Vaccine Type Pneumococcal Carriage in Children Less Than 5 Years Old After Introduction of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Mozambique
Sigaúque, B., Moiane, B., Massora, S., Pimenta, F. C., Verani, J. R., Mucavele, H., Chaúque, A., Quintó, L., Santos, R., Carvalho, M. D. G., et al. (2018) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000002134 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mucosal immunity in resource-limited setting: is the battle ground different?
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Interactions between bacteria in the human nasopharynx: a scoping review
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Sputum Quality Assessment Regarding Sputum Culture for Diagnosing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
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Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian elderly cohort
Zanella, R. C., Brandileone, M. C. D. C., Almeida, S. C. G., de Lemos, A. P. S., Sacchi, C. T., Gonçalves, C. R., Gonçalves, M. G., Fukasawa, L. O., Saraiva, M. D., Rangel, L. F., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221525 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Anticipated Severity of a “1918-Like” Influenza Pandemic in Contemporary Populations: The Contribution of Antibacterial Interventions
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Impact of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction on Pneumococcal Carriage and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Among Children Aged <5 Years and Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Kenya, 2009–2013
Kobayashi, M., Bigogo, G., Kim, L., Mogeni, O. D., Conklin, L. M., Odoyo, A., Odiembo, H., Pimenta, F. C., Ouma, D., Harris, A. M., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz285 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Increased Risk of Death in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children With Pneumococcal Meningitis in South Africa, 2003–2005
Nyasulu, P. S., Cohen, C., de Gouveia, L., Feldman, C. H., Klugman, K. P., & von Gottberg, A. (2011) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31822cca05 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Respiratory infections in Eñepa Amerindians are related to malnutrition and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage
Verhagen, L. M., Gómez-Castellano, K., Snelders, E., Rivera-Olivero, I. A., Pocaterra, L. A., Melchers, W. J. G., de Waard, J. H., & Hermans, P. W. M. (2013) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.06.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carriage by Haemophilus influenzae in Healthy Children
Romero, M. D. M. O., Espejo-García, M. P., Miguélez, S. A., LÓPEZ, F. J., Zapata-Hernandez, D., & Gonzalez-Pacanowska, A. J. (2017) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000001625 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Impact of Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage on Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Densities in Healthy Adults
Shak, J. R., Cremers, A. J. H., Gritzfeld, J. F., de Jonge, M. I., Hermans, P. W. M., Vidal, J. E., Klugman, K. P., & Gordon, S. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098829 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Serotype and molecular diversity of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children before and after vaccination with the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in Ethiopia
Sime, W. T., Aseffa, A., Woldeamanuel, Y., Browall, S., Morfeldt, E., & Henriques‐Normark, B. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4024-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Variations in respiratory pathogen carriage among a homeless population in a shelter for men in Marseille, France, March–July 2020: cross-sectional 1-day surveys
Ly, T. D. A., Hoang, V. T., Goumballa, N., Louni, M., Canard, N., Dao, T. L., Medkour, H., Borg, A., Bardy, K., Esteves-Vieira, V., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-020-04127-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Retracted
Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia
Schaumburg, F., Biallas, B., Feugap, E. N., Alabi, A. S., Mordmüller, B. G., Kremsner, P. G., Grobusch, M. P., Lell, B., van der Linden, M., Peters, G., et al. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03771.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Population Genetic Structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kilifi, Kenya, Prior to the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Brueggemann, A. B., Muroki, B. M., Kulohoma, B. W., Karani, A., Wanjiru, E., Morpeth, S. C., Kamau, T., Sharif, S. K., & Scott, J. A. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081539 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Temporal association of infant immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the ecology of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonisation in a rural South African community
Nzenze, S. A., Shiri, T., Nunes, M. C., Klugman, K. P., Kahn, K., Twine, R., de Gouveia, L., von Gottberg, A., & Madhi, S. A. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.091 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation of Nasopharyngeal Sampling and Culture Techniques for Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Children in Kenya
Abdullahi, O. A., Wanjiru, E., Musyimi, R., Glass, N. E., & Scott, J. A. G. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01393-07 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association of Conjunctival Bacterial Infection and Female Sex in Cicatricial Trachoma
Cevallos, V., Whitcher, J. P., Melese, M., Alemayehu, W., Yi, E., Chidambaram, J. D., Lee, S. D., Reddy, H. S., Gaynor, B. D., Lietman, T. M., et al. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9984 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among school children in South Ethiopia: post-vaccination era
Wada, F. W., Tufa, E. G., Berheto, T. M., & Solomon, F. B. (2019) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4330-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
What is the best way to use conjugate vaccines?
Seale, A. C., & Finn, A. H. R. (2011) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e3283468996 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pneumococcal serotype distribution among meningitis cases from Togo and Burkina Faso during 2007–2009
Gessner, B. D., Sanou, O., Drabo, A., Tamekloe, T. A., Yaro, S., Tall, H., Moïsi, J. C., Mueller, J. E., & Njanpop‐Lafourcade, B. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.052 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reduced nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae lower airway infection in children with chronic endobronchial suppuration vaccinated with the 10-valent pneumococcal H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine
Hare, K. M., Smith‐Vaughan, H., Leach, A. J., Pizzutto, S. J., McCallum, G. B., & Chang, A. B. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Does cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV patients increase the drug resistance of pneumococci? A comparative cross-sectional study in southern Ethiopia
Seid, M., Beyene, G., Alemu, Y., Workalemahu, B., Delbo, M., Tadesse, D., Biresaw, G., & Manilal, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Colonization of the Nasopharynx among Children in Kilifi District, Kenya
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A Comparative Profile of Oropharyngeal Colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae among HealthCare Workers (HCW) in a Tertiary Care Hospital and Non-HealthCare Individuals.: Oropharryngeal carriage of Pneumococci and H.influenzae
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Authors: Abdullahi, O., Nyiro, J., Lewa, P., Slack, M., & Scott, J. A. G.
Affiliations: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Health Protection Agency (GB)
John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Abdullahi, Osman
Nyiro, Joyce
Scott, J Anthony G.
ORCID: Abdullahi, Osman
Nyiro, Joyce
Slack, Mary
Scott, J Anthony G.
Venue: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 59-64
ISSN: 0891-3668 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31814da70c
PMC: PMC2382474
OpenAlex: W2054748013
Cited by: 168
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 6.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (061089, 081835)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, nasopharyngeal carriage, pneumococcal serotypes, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, common cold, seasonal variation, risk factors for carriage, invasive pneumococcal disease, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carrier State, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Haemophilus Infections, Haemophilus influenzae, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Kenya, Male, Middle Aged, Nasopharynx, Pneumococcal Infections, Risk Factors, Serotyping, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Prevalence

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The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya.

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