Cited by 168Pneumonia and Respiratory InfectionsBacterial Infections and VaccinesMicrobial infections and disease research

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The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya.

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Abdullahi, Osman, Nyiro, Joyce, Lewa, Pole, Slack, Mary, Scott, J Anthony G.·2008·Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

DOI 10.1097/inf.0b013e31814da70cPMC PMC2382474

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BACKGROUND: Transmission and nasopharyngeal colonization are necessary steps en route to invasive pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae disease but their patterns vary geographically. In East Africa we do not know how these pathogens are transmitted between population subgroups nor which serotypes circulate commonly. METHODS: We did 2 cross-sectional nasopharyngeal swab surveys selecting subjects randomly from a population register to estimate prevalence and risk-factors for carriage in 2004. H. influenzae type b vaccine was introduced in 2001. RESULTS: Of 450 individuals sampled in the dry season, 414 were resampled during the rainy season. Among subjects 0-4, 5-9, and 10-85 years old pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 57%, 41%, and 6.4%, respectively. H. influenzae prevalence was 26%, 24%, and 3.0%, respectively. Prevalence of H. influenzae type b in children <5 years was 1.7%. Significant risk factors for pneumococcal carriage were rainy season (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65), coryza (OR: 2.29), and coculture of noncapsulate H. influenzae (OR: 7.46). Coryza was also a risk factor for H. influenzae carriage (OR: 1.90). Of 128 H. influenzae isolates, 113 were noncapsulate. Among 279 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 40 serotypes were represented and the distribution of serotypes varied significantly with age; 7-valent vaccine-types, vaccine-related types, and nonvaccine types comprised 47%, 19%, and 34% of strains from children aged <5 years. Among older persons they comprised 25%, 28%, and 47%, respectively (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that pneumococcal carriage is common up to 9 years of age and that the majority of serotypes carried at all ages are not covered specifically by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

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Authors: Abdullahi, O., Nyiro, J., Lewa, P., Slack, M., & Scott, J. A. G.
Affiliations: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Health Protection Agency (GB)
John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Abdullahi, Osman
Nyiro, Joyce
Scott, J Anthony G.
ORCID: Abdullahi, Osman
Nyiro, Joyce
Slack, Mary
Scott, J Anthony G.
Venue: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 59-64
ISSN: 0891-3668 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31814da70c
PMC: PMC2382474
OpenAlex: W2054748013
Cited by: 168
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 6.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (061089, 081835)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, nasopharyngeal carriage, pneumococcal serotypes, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, common cold, seasonal variation, risk factors for carriage, invasive pneumococcal disease, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carrier State, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Haemophilus Infections, Haemophilus influenzae, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Kenya, Male, Middle Aged, Nasopharynx, Pneumococcal Infections, Risk Factors, Serotyping, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Prevalence

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The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi district, Kenya.

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