Cited by 281Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 289 of the 291 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

When pain gets stuck: the evolution of pain chronification and treatment resistance

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Abstract

It is well-recognized that, despite similar pain characteristics, some people with chronic pain recover, whereas others do not. In this review, we discuss possible contributions and interactions of biological, social, and psychological perturbations that underlie the evolution of treatment-resistant chronic pain. Behavior and brain are intimately implicated in the production and maintenance of perception. Our understandings of potential mechanisms that produce or exacerbate persistent pain remain relatively unclear. We provide an overview of these interactions and how differences in relative contribution of dimensions such as stress, age, genetics, environment, and immune responsivity may produce different risk profiles for disease development, pain severity, and chronicity. We propose the concept of "stickiness" as a soubriquet for capturing the multiple influences on the persistence of pain and pain behavior, and their stubborn resistance to therapeutic intervention. We then focus on the neurobiology of reward and aversion to address how alterations in synaptic complexity, neural networks, and systems (eg, opioidergic and dopaminergic) may contribute to pain stickiness. Finally, we propose an integration of the neurobiological with what is known about environmental and social demands on pain behavior and explore treatment approaches based on the nature of the individual's vulnerability to or protection from allostatic load.

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Crossref · 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001401

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Metadata

Authors
Borsook, D., Youssef, A. M., Simons, L., Elman, I., & Eccleston, C.
Affiliations
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
  • Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding author
Borsook, David
Venue
Pain
Published
2018-09-17
Volume
159
Issue
12
Pages
2421-2436
ISSN
  • 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
  • 1872-6623
OpenAlex
W2895537149
Cited by
281
References
291
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2
FWCI
2.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K24NS064050)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD083133)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Keywords
chronic pain, pain chronification, treatment resistance, stress, genetic susceptibility, opioid system, dopaminergic system, artificial neural networks, allostatic load, pain behavior
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Drug Resistance, Humans, Neurobiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Illness Behavior, Chronic Pain

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