The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Performance of ChatGPT on the pharmacist licensing examination in Taiwan
Open accessAbstract
Background: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence model trained for conversations. ChatGPT has been widely applied in general medical education and cardiology, but its application in pharmacy has been lacking. This study examined the accuracy of ChatGPT on the Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination and investigated its potential role in pharmacy education. Methods: ChatGPT was used on the first Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination in 2023 in Mandarin and English. The questions were entered manually one by one. Graphical questions, chemical formulae, and tables were excluded. Textual questions were scored according to the number of correct answers. Chart question scores were determined by multiplying the number and the correct rate of text questions. This study was conducted from March 5 to March 10, 2023, by using ChatGPT 3.5. Results: The correct rate of ChatGPT in Chinese and English questions was 54.4% and 56.9% in the first stage, and 53.8% and 67.6% in the second stage. On the Chinese test, only pharmacology and pharmacochemistry sections received passing scores. The English test scores were higher than the Chinese test scores across all subjects and were significantly higher in dispensing pharmacy and clinical pharmacy as well as therapeutics. Conclusion: ChatGPT 3.5 failed the Taiwanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination. Although it is not able to pass the examination, it can be improved quickly through deep learning. It reminds us that we should not only use multiple-choice questions to assess a pharmacist’s ability, but also use more variety of evaluations in the future. Pharmacy education should be changed in line with the examination, and students must be able to use AI technology for self-learning. More importantly, we need to help students develop humanistic qualities and strengthen their ability to interact with patients, so that they can become warm-hearted healthcare professionals.
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ChatGPT may require additional training data in non-English languages to enhance its performance in non-English medical exams.
“These findings suggest that ChatGPT may require additional training data in non-English languages to enhance its performance in non-English medical exams.”
From Performance of ChatGPT on Chinese national medical licensing examinations: a five-year examination evaluation study for physicians, pharmacists and nurses (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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Kung, T. H., Cheatham, M., Medenilla, A., Sillos, C., De Leon, L., Elepaño, C., Madriaga, M., Aggabao, R., Diaz-Candido, G., Maningo, J., et al. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 · Cited by 4,115
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ChatGPT Goes to Law SchoolPreprint
Choi, J. H., Hickman, K. E., Monahan, A., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4335905 · Cited by 565
Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology
Antaki, F., Touma, S., Milad, D., El-Khoury, J., & Duval, R. (2023) · Ophthalmology Science · doi:10.1016/j.xops.2023.100324 · Cited by 563
Sallam, M., Salim, N., Barakat, M., & Al-Tammemi, A. (2023) · Narra J · doi:10.52225/narra.v3i1.103 · Cited by 331
Evaluating Academic Answers Generated Using ChatGPT
Fergus, S., Botha, M., & Ostovar, M. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00087 · Cited by 300
Huh, S. (2023) · Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions · doi:10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.1 · Cited by 278
ChatGPT passing USMLE shines a spotlight on the flaws of medical education
Mbakwe, A. B., Lourentzou, I., Celi, L. A., Mechanic, O. J., & Dagan, A. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000205 · Cited by 273
Can ChatGPT pass the life support exams without entering the American heart association course?
Fijačko, N., Gosak, L., Štiglic, G., Picard, C. T., & John Douma, M. (2023) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109732 · Cited by 206
ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology
Sabry Abdel-Messih, M., & Kamel Boulos, M. N. (2023) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/46876 · Cited by 95
Is ChatGPT a Good Tool for T&CM Students in Studying Pharmacology?
Nisar, S., & Aslam, M. S. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4324310 · Cited by 60
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Zong, H., Li, J., Wu, E., Wu, R., Lu, J., & Shen, B. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05125-7 · Cited by 114
Jin, H. K., Lee, H. E., & Kim, E. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05944-8 · Cited by 85
Meo, S. A., Al-Masri, A. A., Alotaibi, M., Meo, M. Z. S., & Meo, M. O. S. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11142046 · Cited by 74
Al-Dujaili, Z., Omari, S., Pillai, J., & Al Faraj, A. (2023) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.08.012 · Cited by 56
Mortlock, R., & Lucas, C. (2024) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100481 · Cited by 51
ChatGPT and Clinical Training: Perception, Concerns, and Practice of Pharm-D Students
Zawiah, M., Al-Ashwal, F., Gharaibeh, L., Abu Farha, R., Alzoubi, K., Abu Hammour, K., Qasim, Q. A., & Abrah, F. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s439223 · Cited by 51
Morreel, S., Verhoeven, V., & Mathysen, D. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000349 · Cited by 37
Performance of ChatGPT on factual knowledge questions regarding clinical pharmacy
van Nuland, M., Erdogan, A., Aςar, C., Contrucci, R., Hilbrants, S., Maanach, L., Egberts, T., & van der Linden, P. D. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.2443 · Cited by 27
The rise of AI in healthcare education: DeepSeek and GPT-4o take on the 2024 Taiwan Pharmacist Exam
Wang, Y.-M., & Chen, T.-J. (2025) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1097/jcma.0000000000001220 · Cited by 13
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, Y.-M., Shen, H.-W., & Chen, T.-J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- National Chung Hsing University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Tzeng-Ji
- Venue
- Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 653-658
- ISSN
- 1726-4901 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4378211503
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 17
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Chinese Medical Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, multiple-choice question accuracy, pharmacy education, clinical pharmacy, therapeutics, assessment methods
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Education, Pharmacy, Health Personnel, Humans, Licensure, Pharmacists, Pharmacy, Taiwan, Asian People
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