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Recovery-Oriented Mental Health Practice in a Community Care Unit: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
A recovery-oriented model of care has become the major focus of mental health service delivery in the state of Victoria, Australia. However, there is a total absence of knowledge of recovery-oriented mental health practice in community care units (CCUs). Therefore, the aims of this exploratory study were to: (a) describe what aspects of the current model of care fit within the domains of recovery; and (b) describe the pragmatic processes that staff use to mold their care within the domains of recovery. Twenty-one key stakeholders provided informed voluntary consent to participate in one-to-one interviews. Six content domains evolved to include: (a) a common vision: "a continuous journey"; (b) promoting hope; (c) promoting autonomy and self-determination; (d) meaningful engagement; (e) holistic and personalized care; and (f) community participation and citizenship. The CCU appeared to be on a journey of transformation toward personal recovery. However, clinicians were grappling with an identified tension among personal recovery and clinical recovery. The tension among personal recovery and clinical recovery may be attributed to the psychosocial rehabilitation model of care, which was previously systemic in Victorian CCUs.
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“As highlighted by McKenna et al. (2) and Muerk et al. (46), CCUs are in a transition from a clinically-oriented rehabilitative model of care to one informed by a recovery framework.”
From Implementing an action over inertia group program in community residential rehabilitation services: group participant and facilitator perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
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McKenna, B., Furness, T., Dhital, D., Ennis, G., Houghton, J., Lupson, C., & Toomey, N. (2014) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.890684 · Cited by 65
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Foster, K., Withers, E., Blanco, T., Lupson, C., Steele, M. C., Giandinoto, J., & Furness, T. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12634 · Cited by 74
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Foster, K., Giandinoto, J., Furness, T., Blanco, A., Withers, E., & Alexander, L. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12808 · Cited by 35
Sreeram, A., Cross, W. M., & Townsin, L. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13152 · Cited by 27
Sreeram, A., Cross, W. M., & Townsin, L. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12897 · Cited by 23
Recovery‐oriented nursing care based on cultural sensitivity in community psychiatric nursing
Matsuoka, S. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12822 · Cited by 24
“…Recovery-oriented care: Supporting people with mental health issues to live a meaningful life by focusing on clients’ hopes and strengths and fostering their self-determination (Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council 2013; Mental Health Commission of Canada 2015; McKenna et al., 2016).”
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“In interpreting these findings, McKenna et al. (2016) suggested that the CCU they examined was evolving towards delivering more person-centred care, with staff being active participants in this journey.”
BackgroundResultParker, S., Arnautovska, U., Korman, N., Harris, M., & Dark, F. L. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01023-8 · Cited by 15
“, 2007), increasingly emphasize recoveryoriented practice (McKenna et al., 2016), and are exploring novel staffing configurations with reduced emphasis on clinical roles (Karan et al.”
BackgroundRees, E. F., Ennals, P., & Fossey, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624803 · Cited by 13
Hardy, J., Parker, S., Hughes, I. P., & Anand, M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13032 · Cited by 12
Meurk, C., Parker, S., Newman, E., & Dark, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00468 · Cited by 10
“Staff also displayed an awareness of challenges that can emerge (3, 4).”
BackgroundMekuriaw, B., Cutler, N. A., & River, J. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70035 · Cited by 9
Maguire, T., Garvey, L., Ryan, J., Levett-Jones, T. L., Olasoji, M., & Willetts, G. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13096 · Cited by 8
Parker, S., Dark, F. L., Newman, E., Wyder, M., Pommeranz, M., Walgers, R., & Meurk, C. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01054-1 · Cited by 8
“The emphasis on a CCU providing transitional recoveryoriented rehabilitation support was similar to that of staff working under the traditional clinical staffing model (McKenna et al., 2016; Parker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodParker, S., Wyder, M., Pommeranz, M., Newman, E., Meurk, C., & Dark, F. L. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12842 · Cited by 8
Chisholm, J., Hope, J., Fossey, E. M., & Petrakis, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20186787 · Cited by 7
“An Australian study in an inpatient rehabilitation setting described progress towards ROP, including that clinicians focused on imparting hope for service users’ future dreams, providing personalised care, and valued their more equal involvement in decision making [25].”
BackgroundThe Experiences of Clinicians Caring for Older Adults with Dual Diagnosis: An Exploratory Study
Searby, A., Maude, P., & McGrath, I. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1349847 · Cited by 7
Motivational Interviewing: Reconciling Recovery-Focused Care and Mental Health Nursing Practice
Mullen, A., Isobel, S., Flanagan, K., Key, K., Dunbar, A., Bell, A., & Lewin, T. J. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1731891 · Cited by 6
Chisholm, J., & Petrakis, M. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab125 · Cited by 6
Sreeram, A., Cross, W. M., & Townsin, L. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13311 · Cited by 5
Further Reflections on Recovery-Oriented Mental Health Practice in a Community Care Unit
Parker, S., Siskind, D. J., & Meurk, C. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000150 · Cited by 5
“(2016) emphasize that an initial focus in CCUs on psychosocial rehabilitation generates staff confusion about recovery-oriented practice (McKenna et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialFurther Reflections on Recovery-Oriented Mental Health Practice in a Community Care Unit: A Response
McKenna, B. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000149 · Cited by 4
“…health units (McKenna, Furness, Dhital, Ennis, et al., 2014), secure mental health units (McKenna, Furness, Dhital, Park, &Connolly, 2014a, 2014b),mental health services for older persons (McKenna, Furness, Dhital, & Ireland, 2014), and more recently, community care units (McKenna et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBaufeldt, A. L., & Dawson, D. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-022-00315-2 · Cited by 4
“This recovery-oriented approach at a service level tends to focus on clinical recovery i.e., symptom reduction, contrary to the principles of person-centred care (McKenna et al. 2016).”
Mhlanga, S., Griffiths, F. E., Zharima, C., Robertson, L. J., Abdulla, S., & Goudge, J. (2024) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2024/7971386 · Cited by 2
“Te length of stay ranged from 3 to 24 months [34, 36–38].”
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Treloar, A. E., & Bleus, K. (2021) · Journal of Problem-Based Learning · doi:10.24313/jpbl.2021.00080 · Cited by 1
“Another Australian study (McKenna et al., 2016) identified a tension between psychosocial rehabilitation where clinical staff decided on the skills which their patients or clients required to recover, and a true recovery-focused service, and found that staff struggled with the difference between…”
InfluentialExploring Recovery-Focused Health Workers for Advancing Mental Health: Literature Review
Amin, M. K., & Pinilih, S. S. (2024) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-273-6_90 · Cited by 1
Matsuoka, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20221202-01 · Cited by 1
Falvey, O., Jones, D. S., STEDMAN, T. J., & Parker, S. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01512-6
“…- ment with mental health services have included emphasis on principles of recovery-oriented care (Chatwiriyaphong et al., 2024; Gee et al., 2017; McKenna et al., 2016 ) and the increased availability of lived experience workers (e.g., the integrated staffing model) (Parker et al., 2016 , 2023).”
Smith, C. A., Derbyshire, J., & Johnson, D. (2025) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-03-2025-0026
Thongsalab, J. (2026) · Hatyai Academic Journal · doi:10.67884/haj.2026.e278125
Metadata
- Authors
- McKenna, B., Oakes, J., Fourniotis, N., Toomey, N., & Furness, T.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- McKenna, Brian
- Venue
- Journal of Forensic Nursing
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 167-175
- ISSN
- 1556-3693 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3938
- OpenAlex
- W2544921446
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Forensic Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
- Keywords
- community care unit, forensic mental health services, personal recovery, clinical recovery, psychosocial rehabilitation, hope, autonomy and self-determination, meaningful engagement, community participation, holistic care, models of care, Victoria, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Australia, Mental Disorders, Community Mental Health Services, Holistic Health, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Motivation, Group Homes, Personal Autonomy, Community Integration
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