Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis
Open accessAbstract
Background: No systematic review and narrative synthesis on personal recovery in mental illness has been undertaken. Aims: To synthesise published descriptions and models of personal recovery into an empirically based conceptual framework. Method: Systematic review and modified narrative synthesis. Results: Out of 5208 papers that were identified and 366 that were reviewed, a total of 97 papers were included in this review. The emergent conceptual framework consists of: (a) 13 characteristics of the recovery journey; (b) five recovery processes comprising: connectedness; hope and optimism about the future; identity; meaning in life; and empowerment (giving the acronym CHIME); and (c) recovery stage descriptions which mapped onto the transtheoretical model of change. Studies that focused on recovery for individuals of Black and minority ethnic (BME) origin showed a greater emphasis on spirituality and stigma and also identified two additional themes: culturally specific facilitating factors and collectivist notions of recovery. Conclusions: The conceptual framework is a theoretically defensible and robust synthesis of people's experiences of recovery in mental illness. This provides an empirical basis for future recovery-oriented research and practice.
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Participants describe acute inpatient mental health settings as inhumane and not beneficial to recovery, as they felt they had no control or say on their treatment.
“Participants describe acute inpatient mental health settings as inhumane and are not beneficial to recovery as they felt they had no control or say on their treatment (Care Quality Commission, 2017; Leamy et al., 2011 ).”
From A qualitative synthesis of patients' experiences of re-traumatization in acute mental health inpatient settings (2023) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
The Discussion identifies empowerment as a recovery process, and Future research calls for clinical interactions that promote empowerment and self-management. Those passages support the importance of having a say in recovery, but they do not report participants describing acute inpatient settings as inhumane or not beneficial to recovery because they lacked control over treatment. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), recovery frameworks, and understandings of cognition and motivation provided the foundation of time use scholarship and practice in the mental health field.
“The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF, 86), recovery frameworks (80, 87, 88), and understandings of cognition and motivation provided the foundation of time use scholarship and practice in the mental health field.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [87]
The paper develops a conceptual framework for personal recovery and says it can orient mental health research and clinical practice (Implications for research and practice; Future research). It does not establish that recovery frameworks provided a foundation for time-use scholarship or practice; the ICF and cognition-and-motivation elements are attributed to other sources or left uncited in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBeing connected with others and having role models can be a significant aspect of the recovery process.
“Being connected with others and having role models can be a significant aspect of the recovery process (Leamy et al., 2011)”
From "What an eye-opener" - a qualitative study of vulnerable citizens participating in a municipality-based intervention. (2018) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
The Results and Discussion identify connectedness as a key process in personal recovery, and Future research discusses access to peer support. The passages found do not specifically identify having role models as an aspect of recovery (searched: role models, role modelling). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe process of Hope and optimism for the future during recovery is related to interpersonal relationships, which can inspire hope and should also include having role models.
“The process of Hope and optimism for the future during recovery is also related to interpersonal relationships, which can inspire hope and should also include having role models (Leamy et al., 2011)”
From "What an eye-opener" - a qualitative study of vulnerable citizens participating in a municipality-based intervention. (2018) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
The Results and Discussion identify both connectedness and hope and optimism about the future as recovery processes, and Future research discusses access to peer support. The passages do not say that interpersonal relationships inspire hope or that recovery should include role models; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe participants valued their experiences of success, which is an important element in the recovery process.
“The participants valued their experiences of success, which is an important element in the recovery process (Leamy et al., 2011).”
From "What an eye-opener" - a qualitative study of vulnerable citizens participating in a municipality-based intervention. (2018) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
Table 3 (page not provided) includes successful occupational performance in one model of recovery stages, and the Future research section calls for attention to people's strengths. These passages offer limited support for linking success with recovery, but the paper does not establish that experiences of success generally are an important element of the recovery process. The statement about the citing paper's participants is its own observation, not a finding attributed to Leamy et al. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Engaging in shared reading experiences with others (as in group bibliotherapy) facilitates emotional connectedness and social support.
“Moreover, engaging in shared reading experiences with others (as in group bibliotherapy) facilitates emotional connectedness and social support, both of which are regarded as fundamental components in the recovery of mental well-being (41).”
From Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Discussion identifies connectedness as a key process in personal recovery, and Future research calls for access to peer support. The paper does not establish that shared reading or group bibliotherapy facilitates connectedness or social support; a search for those terms found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese three themes align with the CHIME framework, further indicating that PARC services foster personal recovery.
“These three themes align with the CHIME framework, further indicating that PARC services foster personal recovery [28], and adds to the growing evidence that these services are largely well-regarded [21, 22, 32].”
From Consumers lived experiences and satisfaction with sub-acute mental health residential services (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Finding new meaning and identity after disruptive experiences is a key aspect of the process of personal recovery from schizophrenia and other forms of severe mental illness.
“Previous qualitative research inquiring these perspectives identified that finding new meaning and identity after disruptive experiences is a key aspect of the process of personal recovery from schizophrenia and other forms of severe mental illness (24–26).”
From Making meaning of trauma in psychosis (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Stigma may also have influence on the recovery process.
“Stigma may also have influence on the recovery process (Leamy et al., 2011)”
From "What an eye-opener" - a qualitative study of vulnerable citizens participating in a municipality-based intervention. (2018) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
This experience gave participants courage in life and facilitated energy and joy, and can be interpreted as having a positive effect on vulnerable citizens self-perception, which underlies the recovery process Development of identity.
“This experience gave participants courage in life and facilitated energy and joy, and can be interpreted as having a positive effect on vulnerable citizens self-perception, which underlies the recovery process Development of identity (Leamy et al., 2011).”
From "What an eye-opener" - a qualitative study of vulnerable citizens participating in a municipality-based intervention. (2018) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
A systematic review of 97 papers describing recovery processes from mental health found five processes: connectedness, hope and optimism for the future, identity, meaning of life, and empowerment.
“A systematic review of 97 papers describing recovering processes from mental health found five processes including: connectedness, hope and optimism for the future, identity, meaning of life, and empowerment [69].”
Emotional connectedness and social support are regarded as fundamental components in the recovery of mental well-being.
“Moreover, engaging in shared reading experiences with others (as in group bibliotherapy) facilitates emotional connectedness and social support, both of which are regarded as fundamental components in the recovery of mental well-being (41).”
From Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Since the 1990s, the focus in the field of recovery has shifted to personal recovery, derived from literature led by mental health service users/survivors, focusing on attitudes toward life, personal growth and abilities, contribution to the community, and life satisfaction.
“Since the 1990's, the focus in the field of recovery has shifted to an approach derived from literature led by mental health service users/survivors. This has been referred to as personal recovery, it stems from and focuses on attitudes toward life, personal growth and abilities, contribution to the community, and life satisfaction (8, 9).”
From Recovery from Severe Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review of Service User and Informal Caregiver Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Service users' perspectives overall resonated with the more established models and definitions of recovery mentioned in the introduction and identified as paradigms 1 and 2 in Table 1.
“Service users' perspectives overall resonated with the more established models and definitions of recovery mentioned in the introduction (8, 9) and identified as paradigms 1 and 2 in Table 1.”
From Recovery from Severe Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review of Service User and Informal Caregiver Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Bottom-up analyses of the literature and syntheses of existing qualitative studies emphasize belonging as decisive factors to processes of recovery, through connecting to close relations, professionals, and the community and society at large.
“Bottom-up analyses of the literature (Drake and Whitley, 2014) and syntheses of existing qualitative studies (Leamy et al., 2011) emphasize belonging as decisive factors to processes of recovery, both through connecting to ones close relations such as family and friends, to professionals, and to the community and society at large.”
From Moving toward connectedness – a qualitative study of recovery processes for people with borderline personality disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Leamy et al., 2011
CHIME is lacking a dimension of activity as part of the recovery journey.
“Also, the prominent recovery framework CHIME is lacking a dimension of activity as a part of the recovery journey [9].”
According to theory, recovery is the ultimate criterion for treatment outcome in mental health care, and can hardly be viewed as a factor causing the phenomena addressed through the mediators.
“According to theory, however, recovery is the ultimate criterion for treatment outcome in mental health care [9], and can hardly be viewed as a factor causing the phenomena addressed through the mediators.”
Previous qualitative research shows that being more active in daily life and participating in the surrounding community were important factors for personal recovery.
“That would be in agreement with previous qualitative research showing that being more active in daily life and participate in the surrounding community were important factors for personal recovery [9, 17, 19].”
Empowerment, a construct with similarities with mastery, is one of the components in the recovery framework CHIME.
“Empowerment, a construct with similarities with mastery, is one of the components in the recovery framework CHIME [9].”
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- Authors
- Leamy, M., Bird, V., Boutillier, C. L., Williams, J., & Slade, M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leamy, Mary
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 445-452
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2127263830
- Cited by
- 3,038
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 319 · 2025: 324 · 2024: 280 · 2023: 285 · 2022: 307 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 261 · 2019: 222 · 2018: 184 · 2017: 179 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0707-10040, 10040)
- King's College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- personal recovery, mental illness, conceptual framework, recovery journey, connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, empowerment, transtheoretical model, recovery stages, spirituality, stigma, Black and minority ethnic people
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Concept Formation, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Self Concept, Recovery of Function, Spirituality
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