The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Update on Triad Prevalence and Exploratory Hormonal Biomarker Analyses in Ultramarathon Runners
Abstract
Objective: To update the prevalence of male and female athlete Triad risk factors in ultramarathon runners and present exploratory analyses examining correlations between bone mineral density (BMD) and hormones. Design: Multiyear cross-sectional study. Setting: Western States Endurance Run 100-mile race. Participants: Participants were recruited in 2018 and 2019 for our prior cohort. We added an additional cohort in 2021. Assessment of Risk Factors: Participants completed laboratory evaluations of sex hormones, vitamin D, and ferritin (2019 and 2021 cohorts only); dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; and surveys evaluating nutritional habits, menstrual history, and injury history. Main Outcome Measures: The Triad cumulative risk assessment was assessed for each participant. Results: One hundred seventy-nine runners participated (123 men and 56 women). 61.1% of women and 28.1% of men were at moderate or high cumulative risk for the Triad. In women, there were significant correlations between hip and femoral neck BMD and total testosterone (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.58, P = 0.001; r = 0.45, P = 0.01). In men, there were weak, significant correlations (r = 0.24-0.30, P = 0.01–0.04) between estradiol and vitamin D at most anatomic sites. Conclusions: Our results build on our prior CJSM publication. With the addition of about 50% more study participants in 2021, we observed a stable, high prevalence of Triad risk factors, which represents a more precise measurement and highlights the need for future Triad research in the ultramarathon population. We found significant exploratory associations between hormones and BMD, which varied considerably from our prior publication and should be interpreted cautiously.
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Cites
IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A. K., Meyer, N. L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193 · Cited by 883
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Wiebe, D. J., Storey, E. P., Orchinik, J. E., Grady, M. F., Leddy, J. J., Willer, B. S., Haider, M. N., Mannix, R., Meehan, W. P., Vernau, B. T., et al. (2021) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000946 · Cited by 128
Ultra-Marathon Athletes at Risk for the Female Athlete Triad
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Prevalence of Female and Male Athlete Triad Risk Factors in Ultramarathon Runners
Høeg, T. B., Miller, E. K., Skaggs, K. F., Sainani, K. L., Fredericson, M., Roche, M. D., & Kraus, E. (2021) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000956 · Cited by 30
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wiebe, 2021, The male athlete triad-A consensus statement from the female and male athlete triad coalition Part 1: definition and scientific basis, Clin J Sport Med, 31, 345
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Metadata
- Authors
- Roche, M., Sainani, K., Walker, M., McIntyre, A., Kelly, R., Hoeg, T., Fredericson, M., & Kraus, E.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Corresponding author
- Roche, Megan
- Sainani, Kristin
- Venue
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
- Published
- 2024-04-19
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 469-473
- ISSN
- 1050-642X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394998249
- Semantic Scholar
- 63caf70b2eea19b8b415a7518af6d80c8fe98467
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Western States Medical Research Grant
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- female athlete triad, ultramarathon runners, bone mineral density, sex hormones, testosterone, estradiol, vitamin D, ferritin, menstrual history, cumulative risk assessment, endurance running, hip bone density, femoral neck bone mineral density
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- The paper
- Roche, M., Sainani, K., Walker, M., McIntyre, A., Kelly, R., Hoeg, T., Fredericson, M., & Kraus, E. (2024). An Update on Triad Prevalence and Exploratory Hormonal Biomarker Analyses in Ultramarathon Runners. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000001222
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