The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Natural History and Molecular Characteristics of Lung Cancers Harboring EGFR Exon 20 Insertions
Open accessAbstract
Introduction Exon 20 insertions are the third most common family of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations found in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Little is known about cancers harboring these mutations aside from their lack of response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, impairing the development of effective targeted therapies.Methods NSCLC patients with EGFR genotyping were studied using a mechanism approved by the Institutional Review Board. Cancers with exon 20 insertions were indentified, sequences were characterized, and effectiveness of different treatment regimens was reviewed retrospectively. Clinical characteristics and survival were compared with cancers harboring common EGFR mutations and cancers with wild-type EGFR.Results One thousand eighty-six patients underwent EGFR genotyping from 2004 to 2012. Twenty seven (2.5%) harbored exon 20 insertions, making up 9.2% of all cancers with documented EGFR mutations. Compared with wild-type cancers, those with exon 20 insertions were more commonly found in never-smokers and Asian patients. Insertion sequences were highly variable, with the most common variant (V769_D770insASV) making up only 22% of cases. Median survival of patients with exon 20 insertions was 16 months, similar to the survival of wild-type cancers and shorter than the survival of cancers with common EGFR mutations.Conclusions Patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions have similar clinical characteristics to those with common EGFR mutations but a poorer prognosis. The prevalence of this subset of NSCLC is similar to that of other genotype-defined subsets of lung adenocarcinoma (e.g. those with BRAF mutations, HER2 insertions, ROS1 rearrangements) and is a population of interest for trials of new targeted therapies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“This sequence alteration accounts for 10–20% of all reported EGFR exon 20 insertions 31,32,35.”
From Structural, Biochemical, and Clinical Characterization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Exon 20 Insertion Mutations in Lung Cancer (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“they are typically unresponsive to first and second-generation EGFR TKIs due to the modified structures of their kinase domains”
From Diverse EGFR Exon 20 Insertions and Co-Occurring Molecular Alterations Identified by Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of NSCLC (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“and are associated with a similar overall survival of EGFR wild type patients [71].”
In the citing paper
“The most common EGFR exon 20 insertions that have been reported in NSCLC samples are post C-helix insertions of one to four amino-acids, which in aggregate account for 80–90% of all exon 20 insertions 31,32,35.”
From Structural, Biochemical, and Clinical Characterization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Exon 20 Insertion Mutations in Lung Cancer (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations present a shorter survival time compared to patients with classic EGFR mutations [21].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)
Eisenhauer, E. A., Therasse, P., Bogaerts, J., Schwartz, L. H., Sargent, D., Ford, R., Dancey, J., Arbuck, S., Gwyther, S., Mooney, M., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026 · Cited by 29,534
Gefitinib or Carboplatin–Paclitaxel in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Mok, T. S., Wu, Y.-L., Thongprasert, S., Yang, C.-H., Chu, D.-T., Saijo, N., Sunpaweravong, P., Han, B., Margono, B., Ichinose, Y., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0810699 · Cited by 8,261 · cited 1×
“The identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in a subset of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their association with durable responses to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has transformed our approach towards the use of targeted therapies in treating lung cancer.(1,2) This initial…”
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibition in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Kwak, E. L., Bang, Y., Camidge, D. R., Shaw, A. T., Solomon, B., Maki, R. G., Ou, S. I., Dezube, B. J., Janne, P. A., Costa, D. B., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1006448 · Cited by 4,477
Inhibition of Mutated, Activated BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma
Flaherty, K. T., Puzanov, I., Kim, K. B., Ribas, A., McArthur, G. A., Sosman, J. A., O'Dwyer, P. J., Lee, R. J., Grippo, J. F., Nolop, K., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1002011 · Cited by 3,103
Shigematsu, H., Lin, L., Takahashi, T., Nomura, M., Suzuki, M., Wistuba, I. I., Fong, K. M., Lee, H., Toyooka, S., Shimizu, N., et al. (2005) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji055 · Cited by 2,377
Screening for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Lung Cancer
Rosell, R., Moran, T., Queralt, C., Porta, R., Cardenal, F., Camps, C., Majem, M., Lopez-Vivanco, G., Isla, D., Provencio, M., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0904554 · Cited by 2,373
Improved Survival with MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma
Flaherty, K. T., Robert, C., Hersey, P., Nathan, P., Garbe, C., Milhem, M. M., Демидов, Л. В., Hassel, J. C., Rutkowski, P. L., Mohr, P., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203421 · Cited by 2,205
ROS1 Rearrangements Define a Unique Molecular Class of Lung Cancers
Bergethon, K., Shaw, A. T., Ignatius Ou, S.-H., Katayama, R., Lovly, C. M., McDonald, N. T., Massion, P. P., Siwak-Tapp, C., Gonzalez, A., Fang, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.35.6345 · Cited by 1,555
Improved survival with MEK Inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma for the METRIC Study Group
Flaherty, K. T., Robert, C., Hersey, P., Nathan, P., Garbe, C., Milhem, M. M., Демидов, Л. В., Hassel, J. C., Rutkowski, P. L., Mohr, P., et al. (2012) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-63198 · Cited by 1,330
Mutations of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene in Lung Cancer
Kosaka, T., Yatabe, Y., Endoh, H., Kuwano, H., Takahashi, T., & Mitsudomi, T. (2004) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2818 · Cited by 1,220
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–362 of 362
Bourdeanu, L., Liu, E. Y., Brint, S., & Langdon, D. E. (2017) · Resistance to targeted anti-cancer therapeutics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70142-4_4 · Cited by 1
Uncommon EGFR-Mutant NSCLC—One Drug Does Not Fit All
Wang, Y., & Arulananda, S. (2023) · JTO Clinical and Research Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100477 · Cited by 1
[Advances in the Treatment of EGFR Exon 20ins Mutant NSCLC].
Xu, M., Luo, J., & Xu, R. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.101.05 · Cited by 1
Wang, Y., & Chu, T. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.102.06 · Cited by 1
Qiu, T., Zhang, F., Zheng, B. J., Feng, Z., Li, W., Hua, Z., Chu, L., & Ying, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1064487 · Cited by 1
Kaakour, D., & Nagasaka, M. (2024) · Lung Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/lctt.s454736 · Cited by 1
Noor, Z. S., & Goldman, J. W. (2019) · Current cancer research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17832-1_1 · Cited by 1
Matsuura, S., Morikawa, K., Ito, Y., Kagoo, N., Kubota, T., Ichijo, K., Mochizuki, E., Uehara, M., Harada, M., Tsukui, M., et al. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101236 · Cited by 1
Liang, P., Qi, L., Guo, T., You, X., & Cui, C. (2020) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.014 · Cited by 1
Moore, D. A., Balbi, K. J., Poskitt, B., & Bennett, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207643 · Cited by 1
de la Fuente, E. C., Olmedo, M. E., Orejana, I., Berlinches, A. B., Rueda, A. G., Lage, Y., & Garrido, P. (2022) · Current Problems in Cancer Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.cpccr.2022.100145 · Cited by 1
Jeong, B., & Um, S. (2019) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.12.37 · Cited by 1
Predictive biomarkers in diffuse gliomas and non-small cell lung cancer
Merkkiniemi, K. (2015) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Strategy on Patients with EGFR Mutation
Früh, M., Zhou, Q. H., Leung, L. K. S., & Mok, T. S. K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06062-0_9
Molecular pathology in lung cancer
Cooper, W. A., & O’Toole, S. A. (2013) · Cancer Forum
EGFR Exon 19 Insertions Show Good Response to Gefitinib, but Short Time to Progression in
Kondo, C., Shimizu, J., Horio, Y., Yoshida, K., & Hida, T. (2014)
Duffield, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16550-5_6
[Studies and Progress of EGFR exon 20 Insertion Mutation in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer].
Zhou, W., Zhang, W., & Han, B. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.02.07
Tran, Y. Z. (2020) · Figshare
US FDA‐Approved Small‐Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy
Yu, M., Tadesse, S., & Wang, S. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471266949.bmc214.pub2
Pancrazzi, A., Ognibene, A., Moncada, A., & Torre, V. (2021) · Global Medical Genetics · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1732481
朱, 文. (2021) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2021.1111792
Will CHRYSALIS turn into a butterfly?
Fuereder, T. (2022) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100421
Les cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules EGFR-mutés
Baldacci, S., Gervais, R., & Cortot, A. B. (2017) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités · doi:10.1016/s1877-1203(17)30054-x
Treatment Options for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations
Addeo, A. (2022) · healthbook TIMES Oncology Hematology · doi:10.36000/hbt.oh.2022.12.071
Cui, Y., Wang, R., Wei, Y., Hou, F., Li, H., Jiang, Y., Sun, Y., Fu, S., Zuo, L., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117202
Unique natural history of an EGFR mutated adenocarcinoma
Okauchi, S., & Satoh, H. (2023) · Klinicka onkologie · doi:10.48095/ccko202371
Pang, L., Huang, A., Xie, M., Ma, X., Deng, H., Gao, J., Wu, C., Song, J., Zhang, X., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2886639/v1
Liao, Y.-T., Wang, L., Sun, R.-L., Yeh, Y., Huang, H.-C., Shen, C., Tseng, Y.-H., Hsiao, T.-H., Chao, H., Luo, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-023-04921-w
Andrikou, K., Ulivi, P., Petracci, E., Azzali, I., Bertolini, F., Alberti, G., Bettelli, S. R., Calistri, D., Chiadini, E., Capelli, L., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14101024
Anti-Resistant Strategies: Icotinib Derivatives as Promising Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapeutics
Zhao, Z., Du, Y., & Chen, X. (2024) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0115680096302595240605114828
Yoh, K., Azuma, K., Hayashi, H., Nishio, M., Chikamori, K., Ichihara, E., Watanabe, Y., Asato, T., Kitagawa, T., Fram, R. J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02588-y · Cited by 1
Hanley, M. J., Zhang, S., Pavlakis, N., Soo, R. A., van der Wekken, A. J., Ganju, V., Piña, A., Dong, Q., & Gupta, N. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development · doi:10.1002/cpdd.1500
Wang, K.-Y., Chang, S.-C., Wei, Y., Hung, J.-C., Chen, C., & Chang, C. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32030174
Liu, K., Li, H., Tan, Q.-Q., Jiang, T., Peng, K., Chen, H.-J., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X., Zheng, Z., Chen, S., et al. (2025) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504251325406
Yi, D., Ye, J., Lu, Z., Lu, L., Qi, T., Luo, T., Peng, X., Mamun, A. A., Zhou, Q., Chen, D., et al. (2025) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/j.dmd.2025.100094
Topalan, E., Ciftci, H. I., & DeMi̇rci̇, H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657332
Zhao, Y., Yao, X., Li, R., Dong, X., Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.cpt.2025.09.001
Ni, R., Qin, J., Wu, W., Xu, J., Luo, Q., & Cai, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2025.1659507
Vu, H. T., Nguyen, H. T. T., Ta, T. V., Truong, C. M., Xuan, T., Nguyễn, A. T., Nguyen, C. V., Nguyen, H. T. T., Doan, T. T., Vu, T. T., et al. (2025) · Cancer Control · doi:10.1177/10732748251386133
Tan, X., Li, Y., Wang, S., Xia, H., Meng, R., Xu, J., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Yang, G., Ma, Y., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915426
Tan, X., Li, Y., Wang, S., Xia, H., Meng, R., Xu, J., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Yang, G., Ma, Y., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915417
Tan, X., Li, Y., Wang, S., Xia, H., Meng, R., Xu, J., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Yang, G., Ma, Y., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915414
Tan, X., Li, Y., Wang, S., Xia, H., Meng, R., Xu, J., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Yang, G., Ma, Y., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915420
Wu, Q., Qian, W., Sun, X., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301428
Topalan, E., Ciftci, H. I., & DeMi̇rci̇, H. (2026) · Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30910/turkjans.1805082
Balea, B. C., Quintela, M. E. L., Manrique, M. C. A., Raposeiras, C. A., García, J., Afonso, F. J. A., Fernández-Bruno, M., Núñez, N. F., der Schoot, R. R. V., & Couto, L. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1677766
Rôle des calpaïnes extracellulaires dans la progression des adénocarcinomes lépidiques
Ruppert, A.-M. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6082601cze5b6z41e9zb588zf90c85ff07c9
Advances in Targeted Therapy for EGFR Exon 20 Insertion-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
苗, 贤. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1641492
Waterhouse, D. M., Lin, I., Morrison, L., Émond, B., Lafeuille, M., Wang, Y., Díaz, L., Lefèbvre, P., & Waters, D. D. (2026) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-026-04334-8
Kim, J., Park, G., Park, S., Jung, H. A., Lee, S.-H., Ahn, J. S., Ahn, M., & Sun, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1827867
Gupta, Y. K. (2026) · Current Problems in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2026.101316
Zullo, L., & Remón, J. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18142334
Bhattacharjee, C., Sabnam, S., Banerjee, S., Saha, K., Roy, S., Vinarkar, S., Parihar, M., Roy, S., & Mishra, D. K. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1710_25
Yang, S., Ma, X., Zhao, Y., & Ma, J. (2026) · Cancer Control · doi:10.1177/10732748261481943
Zhang, J., Cui, Y., Ren, Q., Wu, X., Li, J., Liu, X., Zhang, B., & Yue, D. (2026) · Clinical & Translational Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12094-026-04583-3
BindingDB (2024) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2cv4p5p
Metadata
- Authors
- Oxnard, G. R., Lo, P. C., Nishino, M., Dahlberg, S. E., Lindeman, N. I., Butaney, M., Jackman, D. M., Johnson, B. E., & Jänne, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oxnard, Geoffrey R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Thoracic Oncology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-184
- ISSN
- 1556-0864 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3549533
- OpenAlex
- W2075445339
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 14.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Thoracic Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k23ca157631-02)
- National Cancer Institute (K23-CA157631, P50CA090578, R01CA135257)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › HER2/EGFR in Cancer Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- EGFR exon 20 insertion, non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutation, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, survival, never smokers, Asian patients, targeted therapy, molecular properties
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amino Acid Sequence, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Exons, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Survival Rate, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Young Adult, ErbB Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review