The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Hypogonadism
Abstract
Purpose Clomiphene citrate may be used as an off label treatment of hypogonadism. There are few long-term data on clomiphene citrate efficacy and safety when administered for more than 3 years. We assessed improvements in testosterone and hypogonadal symptoms while on clomiphene citrate for extended periods. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review to identify patients treated with clomiphene citrate for hypogonadism (baseline testosterone less than 300 ng/dl) at a total of 2 institutions from 2010 to 2018. We assessed the duration of clomiphene citrate therapy, serum testosterone levels, symptom improvement and clomiphene citrate side effects. Results A total of 400 patients underwent clomiphene citrate treatment for a mean ± SD of 25.5 ± 20.48 months (range 0 to 84). Of the patients 280 received clomiphene citrate for 3 years or less (mean 12.75 ± 9.52 months) and 120 received it for more than 3 years (mean 51.93 ± 10.52 months). Of men on clomiphene citrate for more than 3 years 88% achieved eugonadism, 77% reported improved symptoms and 8% reported side effects. Estradiol was significantly increased following clomiphene citrate treatment. Results did not significantly differ between patients treated for more than 3, or 3 or fewer years. The most common side effects reported by patients treated more than 3 years included changes in mood in 5, blurred vision in 3 and breast tenderness in 2. There was no significant adverse event in any patient treated with…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preliminary data on men treated for testosterone deficiency with CC for as long as 7 years show that over 80% achieve testosterone levels >450 ng/dL, 78% report subjective improvement in hypogonadal symptoms, and only 9% report side effects with no significant adverse events.
“Preliminary data on men treated for testosterone deficiency on CC for as long as 7 years show that over 80% of men achieve testosterone levels >450 ng/dL, with 78% of men reporting subjective improvement in hypogonadal symptoms, and only 9% reporting side effects from CC treatment with no significant adverse events (58).”
From Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
77% reported improvements in hypogonadal symptoms with clomiphene citrate.
“Also in this subgroup, 77% reported improvements in hypogonadal symptoms with clomiphene citrate [63].”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
The most common adverse effects of clomiphene citrate were mood changes, blurred vision, breast tenderness and weight gain.
“The most common adverse effects were mood changes, blurred vision, breast tenderness and weight gain.”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Estradiol levels were significantly increased after therapy with clomiphene citrate.
“Estradiol levels were significantly increased after therapy with clomiphene citrate [63].”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
The largest retrospective study to date included 400 patients with low testosterone levels who were treated with clomiphene citrate.
“The largest retrospective study to date included 400 patients with low testosterone levels who were treated with clomiphene citrate.”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
A retrospective analysis of 400 hypogonadal men treated with clomiphene citrate for a mean duration of 25.5 months reported side effects in only 8%.
“A retrospective analysis of 400 hypogonadal men, treated with clomiphene citrate for a mean duration of 25.5 months, reported side effects in only 8%.”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
In most men in that study, an improvement in ADAM scores was observed.
“In most men, an improvement in ADAM scores was observed.”
From Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Ide, V., Vanderschueren, D., & Antonio, L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010021 · Cited by 101
Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature
Krzastek, S. C., & Smith, R. P. (2020) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2019.11.16 · Cited by 33
“Preliminary data on men treated for testosterone deficiency on CC for as long as 7 years show that over 80% of men achieve testosterone levels >450 ng/dL, with 78% of men reporting subjective improvement in hypogonadal symptoms, and only 9% reporting side effects from CC treatment with no significant adverse events (5…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Krzastek, S. C., Sharma, D., Abdullah, N., Sultan, M., Machen, G. L., Wenzel, J. L., Ells, A., Chen, X., Kavoussi, M., Costabile, R. A., Smith, R. P., & Kavoussi, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Texas Fertility Center (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urology
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 202
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1029-1035
- ISSN
- 0022-5347 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-3792
- OpenAlex
- W2952986889
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Urology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- clomiphene citrate, male hypogonadism, long-term treatment, testosterone levels, estradiol, off-label therapy, adverse effects, treatment duration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clomiphene, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estradiol, Follow-Up Studies, Gonadotropins, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Prolactin, Retrospective Studies, Testosterone, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
