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Cited by 276Youth Substance Use and School AttendancePsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsPsychology and Mental Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal?: A Proposal for DSM-5

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Teo, Alan R., Gaw, Albert C.·2010·Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
DOI 10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e086b1PMC PMC4912003
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Abstract

A form of severe social withdrawal, called hikikomori, has been frequently described in Japan and is characterized by adolescents and young adults who become recluses in their parents' homes, unable to work or go to school for months or years. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for hikikomori as a new psychiatric disorder. Electronic and manual literature searches were used to gather information on social withdrawal and hikikomori, including studies examining case definitions, epidemiology, and diagnosis. A number of recent empirical studies have emerged from Japan. The majority of such cases of hikikomori are classifiable as a variety of existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) psychiatric disorders. However, a notable subset of cases with substantial psychopathology does not meet criteria for any existing psychiatric disorder. We suggest hikikomori may be considered a culture-bound syndrome and merits further international research into whether it meets accepted criteria as a new psychiatric disorder. Research diagnostic criteria for the condition are proposed.

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  1. Garcia-Campayo, 2007, A case report of hikikomori in Spain., Med Clin (Barc), 129, 318
  2. Kinugasa, 1998, Yanguadaruto no hikikomori (Social withdrawal in young adults)., Rinshou Seishin Igaku (Clin Psychiatry), 27, 147
  3. Kiyota, 2008, Chiiki renkei shisutemu ni yoru hikikomori shien to ekigakuteki kentou (Support and epidemiological analysis of social withdrawal using a system of regional partnerships)., Kokoro no Kenkou Kagaku Kenkyuu, L95
  4. Kondo, 1997, Hiseishinbyousei hikikomori no genzai (The present conditions of non-psychotic pyscho-social withdrawal cases)., Rinshou Seishin Igaku (Jpn J Clin Psychiatry), 26, 1159
  5. Kondo, 2008, Shishunki hikikomori ni okeru seishin igakuteki shougai no jittai haaku ni kan suru kenkyuu (Research on the psychiatric disorders in adolescents with social withdrawal)., Kokoro no Kenkou Kagaku Kenkyuu, 49
  6. Nakajima, 2008, Seishinka kyuuseiki iryou ni okeru hikikomori seinen no jittai to seishin igakuteki chiryou ni kan suru kenkyuu (Research on the characteristics and psychiatric treatment of youth with acute social withdrawal)., Kokoro no Kenkou Kagaku Kenkyuu, 19
  7. Nakamura, 1997, Taijin kyoufushou to hikikomori (Taijin-kyofusho and withdrawal)., Rinshou Seishin Igaku (Clin Psychiatry), 26, 1169
  8. Saito, 2008, Shishunki no hikikomori wo motarasu seishinka shikkan no jittai haaku to seishin igakuteki chiryou enjo shisutemu no kouchiku ni kansuru kenkyuu (Research on the characteristics of, treatment for and development of a support system for psychiatric disorders leading to social withdrawal)., Kokoro no Kenkou Kagaku Kenkyuu, 1
  9. Takahata, 2003, Saitama-ken ni okeru “hikikomori” no jittai (A survey of withdrawal syndrome in Saitama Prefecture)., Seishin Igaku (Clin Psychiatry), 45, 299
  10. Watabe, 2008, Jidouki zenshishunki no hikikomori ni taisuru seishin igakuteki chiryou enjo ni kansuru kenkyuu (1) (Research on the psychiatric treatment and support for social withdrawal in childhood and pre-adolescence part one)., Kokoro no Kenkou Kagaku Kenkyuu Jigyou, 103

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Metadata

Authors
Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID
Teo, Alan R.
Venue
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2010-06
Volume
198
Issue
6
Pages
444-449
ISSN
0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e086b1
PMC
PMC4912003
OpenAlex
W2038618640
Cited by
276
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI
25.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH060482)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords
hikikomori, social withdrawal, culture-bound syndromes, psychiatric classification, DSM diagnostic criteria, adolescents and young adults, reclusion, case definition, diagnosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Culture, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Social Isolation, Syndrome, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Asian People, Young Adult

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