Social withdrawal and psychiatry: A comprehensive review of Hikikomori

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR )

Segal, D. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0271 · Cited by 4,683 · see citing works

Book Reviews

Mendelson, G. (1995) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679509064964 · Cited by 2,592 · see citing works

Idioms of distress: Alternatives in the expression of psychosocial distress: A case study from South India

Nichter, M. (1981) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00054782 · Cited by 789 · see citing works

Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Kato, T. A., Tateno, M., Shinfuku, N., Fujisawa, D., Teo, A. R., Sartorius, N., Akiyama, T., Ishida, T., Choi, T. Y., Balhara, Y. P. S., et al. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0411-7 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal?: A Proposal for DSM-5

Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e086b1 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Culture and Psychiatric Evaluation: Operationalizing Cultural Formulation for DSM-5

Lewis‐Fernández, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Bäärnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G., Jadhav, S., Hinton, L., Alarcón, R. D., Bhugra, D., et al. (2014) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2014.77.2.130 · Cited by 272 · see citing works

Cultural factors in social anxiety: A comparison of social phobia symptoms and Taijin Kyofusho

Kleinknecht, R. A., Dinnel, D. L., Kleinknecht, E., Hiruma, N., & Harada, N. (1997) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00004-2 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Identification of the hikikomori syndrome of social withdrawal: Psychosocial features and treatment preferences in four countries

Teo, A. R., Fetters, M. D., Stufflebam, K., Tateno, M., Balhara, Y., Choi, T. Y., Kanba, S., Mathews, C. A., & Kato, T. A. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014535758 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

The Place of Culture in Psychiatric Nosology: Taijin Kyofusho and DSM-III-R

Kirmayer, L. J. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199101000-00005 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry

Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. S. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543609 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

General condition of <i>hikikomori</i> (prolonged social withdrawal) in Japan: Psychiatric diagnosis and outcome in mental health welfare centres

Kondo, N., Sakai, M., Kuroda, Y., Kiyota, Y., Kitabata, Y., & Kurosawa, M. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011423611 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

The prevalence and correlates of severe social withdrawal (hikikomori) in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional telephone-based survey study

Wong, P. W. C., Li, T. M. H., Chan, M. K. Y., Law, Y., Chau, M., Cheng, C., Fu, K., Bacon‐Shone, J., & Yip, P. S. F. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014543711 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Home visitation program for detecting, evaluating and treating socially withdrawn youth in <scp>K</scp>orea

Lee, Y. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, T. Y., & Choi, J. T. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12043 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Are Japan's hikikomori and depression in young people spreading abroad?

Kato, T. A., Shinfuku, N., Sartorius, N., & Kanba, S. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61475-x · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Hikikomori, is it a Culture-Reactive or Culture-Bound Syndrome? Nidotherapy and a Clinical Vignette from Oman

Sakamoto, N., Martin, R. G., Kumano, H., Kuboki, T., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2005) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/7weq-216d-tvnh-pqj1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study

Malagón, A., Córcoles, D., Martín‐Lopez, L. M., & Pérez, V. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014553003 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Social isolation associated with depression: A case report of hikikomori

Teo, A. R. (2012) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764012437128 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Hikikomori as a possible clinical term in psychiatry: a questionnaire survey

Tateno, M., Park, T. W., Kato, T. A., Umene‐Nakano, W., & Saito, T. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-169 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Women and Family in Contemporary Japan

Holloway, S. D. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761317 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross‐cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students

Kim, J., Rapee, R. M., Oh, K. J., & Moon, H. (2008) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.10.011 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Japan's ‘Socially Withdrawn Youths’ and Time Constraints in Japanese Society

Kaneko, S. (2006) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x06067034 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Comorbid social withdrawal (hikikomori) in outpatients with social anxiety disorder: Clinical characteristics and treatment response in a case series

Nagata, T., Yamada, H., Teo, A., Yoshimura, C., Nakajima, T., & van Vliet, I. V. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011423184 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Family features in primary social withdrawal among young adults

Suwa, M., Suzuki, K., Koichi, H. A. R. A., WATANABE, H., & Takahashi, T. (2003) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01172.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Women and family in contemporary Japan

Holloway, S. D. (2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-1774 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Youth locked in time and space? Defining features of social withdrawal and practice implications

Wong, V. C. W. (2009) · Journal of Social Work Practice · doi:10.1080/02650530903102692 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry

Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (1979) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00114612 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Un caso de hikikomori en España

García‐Campayo, J., Alda, M., Sierra, N. S., & Abós, B. S. (2007) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13109125 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Taijin kyofusho: a form of social anxiety disorder that responds to serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

Matsunaga, H., Kiriike, N., Matsui, T., Iwasaki, Y., & Stein, D. J. (2001) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145701002474 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Prolonged social withdrawal disorder: A hikikomori case in Spain

Ovejero, S., Caro‐Cañizares, I., de León-Martínez, V., & Baca‐García, E. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013504560 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Apathetic and withdrawing students in Japanese universities--with regard to Hikikomori and student apathy.

Uchida, C. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Claustration à domicile de l’adolescent. Hikikomori

Guedj-Bourdiau, M.-J. (2011) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2011.10.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

An open trial of paroxetine for the “offensive subtype” oftaijin kyofusho and social anxiety disorder

Nagata, T., van Vliet, I. M., Yamada, H., Kataoka, K., Iketani, T., & Kiriike, N. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20153 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

État des lieux, points communs et différences entre des jeunes adultes retirants sociaux en France et au Japon (Hikikomori)

Furuhashi, T., Tsuda, H., Ogawa, T., Suzuki, K., Shimizu, M., Teruyama, J., Horiguchi, S., Shimizu, K., Sedooka, A., Figueiredo, C., et al. (2013) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2013.01.016 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Social Phobia Inventory

Nagata, T., Nakajima, T., Teo, A., Yamada, H., & Yoshimura, C. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12037 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Taijin Kyofusho and Social Phobia Symptoms in Young Adults in England and in Japan

Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., Chen, J., & Sakano, Y. (2010) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022110386372 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Culture and personality disorder

Ryder, A. G., Sunohara, M., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000120 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Open trial of milnacipran for Taijin-Kyofusho in Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder

Kiriike, N., Nagata, T., Oshima, J., Wada, A., Yamada, H., & Iketani, T. (2003) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651500310000690 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

A Japanese form of social anxiety (taijin kyofusho): Frequency and correlates in two generations of the same family

Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., Ishikawa, S., Okajima, I., O’Callaghan, J., & Bray, D. E. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011421099 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Hikikomori, ces adolescents en retrait

Fansten, M., Figueiredo, C., & Vellut, N. (2014) · Armand Colin eBooks · doi:10.3917/arco.fanst.2014.01.0021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Hikikomori, ces adolescents en retrait

Fansten, M., Figueiredo, C., Pionné-Dax, N., & Vellut, N. (2014) · Armand Colin eBooks · doi:10.3917/arco.fanst.2014.01 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Culture-bound syndromes: a re-evaluation

Bhugra, D., Sumathipala, A., & Siribaddana, S. H. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543609.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Social Anxiety/Taijin-Kyofu Scale (SATS): Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a New Instrument

Asakura, S., Inoue, T., Kitagawa, N., Hasegawa, M., Fujii, Y., Kako, Y., Nakato, Y., Hashimoto, N., Ito, K., Tanaka, T., et al. (2012) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000329741 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Psychopathology of Social Withdrawal in Japan

Hirashima, N. (2001) · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The prevalence and correlates of severe social withdrawal in Hong Kong

Teo, A. R., & Kato, T. A. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014554923 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown

Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works

Internet Addiction, Hikikomori Syndrome, and the Prodromal Phase of Psychosis

Stip, E., Thibault, A., Beauchamp-Chatel, A., & Kisely, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00006 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikikomori and Internet Gaming Disorder: The moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents

Stavropoulos, V., Anderson, E. L., Beard, C. L., Latifi, M. Q., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.10.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

The ‘Hikikomori’ syndrome: worldwide prevalence and co-occurring major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Pozza, A., Coluccia, A., Kato, T. A., Gaetani, M., & Ferretti, F. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025213 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Characteristics of socially withdrawn youth in France: A retrospective study

Chauliac, N., Couillet, A., Faivre, S., Brochard, N., & Terra, J. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017704474 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Hikikomori Phenomenon in East Asia: Regional Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities for Social Health Agencies

Wong, J. C. M., Wan, M. J. S., Kroneman, L., Kato, T. A., Lo, T. W., Wong, P. W. C., & Chan, G. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00512 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Psychological factors associated with social withdrawal (Hikikomori)

Nonaka, S., & Sakai, M. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0050 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Epidemic of Loneliness in a Digital Society: Hikikomori as a Cultural and Psychological Phenomenon

Voiskounsky, A. E., & Солдатова, Г. (2019) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2019270303 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Hikikomori: A Scientometric Review of 20 Years of Research

Neoh, M. J. Y., Carollo, A., Lim, M., & Esposito, G. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095657 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Understanding the experiences of hikikomori through the lens of the CHIME framework: connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, and empowerment; systematic review

Yung, J. Y. K., Wong, V. C. W., Ho, G. W. K., & Molassiotis, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00605-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Hikikomori Risk Inventory (HRI-24): A new instrument for evaluating Hikikomori in both Eastern and Western countries

Loscalzo, Y., Nannicini, C., Liu, I. H., & Giannini, M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020975800 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Mental Health and Social Withdrawal in Contemporary Japan

Tajan, N. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351260800 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Hikikomori: Cultural idiom or present-day expression of the distress engendered by the transition from adolescence to adulthood

Luca, M. D. (2016) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2016.11.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Hikikomori: debating a XXI century phenomenon from a clinical point of view

Ranieri, F., & Luccherino, L. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2018-002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Japanese post-modern social renouncers: An exploratory study of the narratives of Hikikomori subjects

Tajan, N. (2015) · Subjectivity · doi:10.1057/sub.2015.11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Suicide Motives and Protective Factors - Contributions from a Hikikomori Discussion Board

Haasio, A., & Salminen-Tuomaala, M. H. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1817209 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The psychometric properties of a self- report scale on assessing social interaction of people with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI)

Nonaka, S., & Sakai, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01151-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Exploring Hikikomori-like idiom of distress a year into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Oman: Factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, prevalence and associated factors

Al‐Sibani, N., Chan, M. F., Al‐Huseini, S., Kharusi, N. A., Guillemin, G. J., Al-Abri, M., Ganesh, A., Hasani, Y. A., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279612 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Hikikomori Young Adults and Adolescents

Ranieri, F. (2018) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/bjp.12398 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The Hikikomori Phenomenon: Could Loneliness Be a Choice of Self-Restriction from Society?

Castelpietra, G., Nicotra, A., & Leo, D. D. (2021) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2021.111005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Comparing Social Anxiety Between Asian Americans and European Americans: An Examination of Measurement Invariance

Krieg, A., Xu, Y.-Y., & Cicero, D. (2018) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191116656438 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

The effect of negative experiences on delinquent behavior of youth in a social withdrawal situation

Chan, G. H., & Lo, T. W. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Le retrait à domicile de l’adolescent phobique scolaire, réflexions thérapeutiques

Boë, E. (2020) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2020.08.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Promoting social engagement for young adults living in social isolation in Sweden: social workers and health care professionals’ perceptions of success factors

Ayoub, M., Udo, C., & Randell, E. (2021) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2021.1946710 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Validation of the HRI-24 on Adolescents and Development of a Short Version of the Instrument

Colledani, D., Anselmi, P., Monacis, L., Robusto, E., Genetti, B., Andreotti, A., Pérez, L. J. G., Mastrobattista, L., Mortali, C., & Minutillo, A. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01104-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Traumatic dimensions of hikikomori: A Foucauldian note

Tajan, N. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.027 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Le Hikikomori entre Idiome culturel et expression actuelle de la souffrance au passage de l’adolescence à l’âge adulte

Luca, M. D. (2016) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2016.07.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Is Mental Illness like Any Other Medical Illness? Causal Attributions, Supportive Communication and the Social Withdrawal Inclination of People with Chronic Mental Illnesses in China

Li, Y., & He, Q. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1808407 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Hikikomori: revisão sobre um grave fenômeno de isolamento social

Domingues-Castro, M. S., & Torres, A. R. (2018) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000214 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Syndrome d’Hikikomori ou de claustration à domicile : À propos d’une observation Tunisienne

Souilem, A., Mrad, A., Brahim, T., Hannachi, R., & Mechri, A. (2018) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2018.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Cluster analysis of hikikomori-like idiom of distress in Oman

Chan, M. F., Al‐Sibani, N., Al‐Huseini, S., Alsaadi, A. R., Al-Busaidi, S., Kharusi, J. A., Kharusi, N. A., Guillemin, G. J., Al-Abri, M., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2024) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-06-2023-0054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Sciamani urbani

Rivadossi, S. (2020) · Ca' Foscari Japanese Studies/Ca' Foscari Japanese studies · doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-414-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Looking at a beautiful moon while immersed in a lake of petroleum: Narratives from Italian individuals with hikikomori

Caputo, A. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi200618030c · Cited by 4 · see citing works

From withdrawal to web: A cross-sectional study of Hikikomori tendencies, social cynicism, and problematic internet use among young adults in Singapore

Morshidi, M. I., Naidu, K. N. C., Embleton, S. G., & Millar, A. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251357077 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Formations de l’idéal, Hikikomori, et réalité virtuelle à l’adolescence

Luca, M. D., & Chenivesse, P. (2018) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2018.04.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Information Seeking Behaviour of the Socially Withdrawn

Haasio, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68466-2_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring hikikomori through netnography: insights from a Telegram community

Esposito, V. (2026) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-026-01404-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Stress Sources and Behavioral Addiction Inclinations of Teachers in the Covid-19 Outbreak

KIZILOK, G. E., & Tanhan, F. (2021) · Research on Education and Psychology · doi:10.54535/rep.941924 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Claustration, hikikomori, visites à domicile : la Société Médico-Psychologique en 1953 avec Louis Gayral

Guedj-Bourdiau, M.-J., Tajan, N., & Massat, F. (2022) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2022.10.007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Je ne vais quand même pas me séquestrer tout seul

Luca, M. D. (2023) · Corps & Psychisme · doi:10.3917/cpsy2.080.0022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Is Hikikomori Syndrome a ‘Modern-day Depression’? A Nosological Perspective

Qinxian, G. U. O. (2023) · The Asian Educational Therapist · doi:10.64663/aet.24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Evaluation of Anxiety Disorders and Protective-Risk Factors in Children during Pandemic Process

Seçer, İ., & Ulaş, S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97863 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Keskusteluryhmässä jaettavan vertaistiedon ja vertaistuen merkitys sosiaalisesti vetäytyneiden henkilöiden itsemurhakeskusteluissa

Haasio, A., & Salminen-Tuomaala, M. H. (2021) · Informaatiotutkimus · doi:10.23978/inf.100523 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Att inte se sin plats bland andra – långvarigt socialt tillbakadragande hos unga vuxna

Andersson, S. (2016) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)

Hikikomori: il rifiuto del Sol Levante

Iazzetta, S., Calussi, P., & Buonanno, C. (2017) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc2017-041002

Experience Design for Understanding Social Withdrawal: Employing a Live-Action Role-Play (LARP) to Learn About and Empathize with Hikikomori in Japan

Kamm, B.-O. (2019) · Translational systems sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8039-6_36

Mental Disorders

Bui, L., & Farrington, D. (2019) · Crime in Japan · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14097-7_7

Cultural Case Conceptualizations of Social Anxiety: Bridging Research and Practice With Multicultural Orientation

Zentner, K., Dueck, B. S., Le, J., & Lee, H. (2025) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.47.3.02

Six Core Conflictual Themes Identified in the Narratives of Hikikomori

Wada, H., Ogawa, T., Furuhashi, T., & Sakai, T. (2026) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-025-09957-w

Social withdrawal of adolescents and emerging adults: A systematic scoping review

Wang, M., & Hadjar, A. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109038

Social withdrawal of adolescents and emerging adults : a systematic scoping review

Wang-Pizzera, M., & Hadjar, A. (2026) · Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences) · doi:10.21256/zhaw-36632

The Aging Hikikomori: The Intersectionality of Age and Culturally Mediated Expressions of Mental Health in Japanese Language Media

Pelea, C. I. (2026) · Japan focus · doi:10.1017/apj.2026.10057

Social media in early psychosis and first episode: A systematic review

de Corn, A. F., Pedel, T., Bondonny, P., Lecardeur, L., Cambon, A., & Yrondi, A. (2026) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2026.04.010

Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal?: A Proposal for DSM-5

Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Nervous &amp; Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e086b1 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Is social withdrawal a mental disorder?

Tajan, N. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351260800-3

Prolonged social withdrawal disorder: A hikikomori case in Spain

Ovejero, S., Caro‐Cañizares, I., de León-Martínez, V., & Baca‐García, E. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013504560 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Kato, T. A., Tateno, M., Shinfuku, N., Fujisawa, D., Teo, A. R., Sartorius, N., Akiyama, T., Ishida, T., Choi, T. Y., Balhara, Y. P. S., et al. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0411-7 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: a Review of Hikikomori

Teo, A. R. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008100629 · Cited by 163 · see citing works