Psychological Trauma Symptom Improvement in Veterans Using Emotional Freedom Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
This study examined the effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), a brief exposure therapy combining cognitive and somatic elements, on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological distress symptoms in veterans receiving mental health services. Veterans meeting the clinical criteria for PTSD were randomized to EFT (n = 30) or standard of care wait list (SOC/WL; n = 29). The EFT intervention consisted of 6-hour-long EFT coaching sessions concurrent with standard care. The SOC/WL and EFT groups were compared before and after the intervention (at 1 month for the SOC/WL group and after six sessions for the EFT group). The EFT subjects had significantly reduced psychological distress (p < 0.0012) and PTSD symptom levels (p < 0.0001) after the test. In addition, 90% of the EFT group no longer met PTSD clinical criteria, compared with 4% in the SOC/WL group. After the wait period, the SOC/WL subjects received EFT. In a within-subjects longitudinal analysis, 60% no longer met the PTSD clinical criteria after three sessions. This increased to 86% after six sessions for the 49 subjects who ultimately received EFT and remained at 86% at 3 months and at 80% at 6 months. The results are consistent with that of other published reports showing EFT's efficacy in treating PTSD and comorbid symptoms and its long-term effects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Voluntary regular exercise lowers arousal, apparently by modulating amygdala reactivity.
“Voluntary regular exercise is another means of lowering arousal, apparently by modulating amygdala reactivity155,156”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [155]
Overall, the results of five studies showed that the interventions EFT, exposure-based CBT, EMDR, MBSR, CBT-PD, and the Trauma Therapy Program were successful in reducing psychological distress and/or subclinical symptoms.
“Overall, the results of five studies showed that the interventions EFT, exposure-based CBT, EMDR, MBSR, CBT-PD, and the Trauma Therapy Program were successful in reducing psychological distress and/or subclinical symptoms [49,52,56,57,60].”
In an RCT of N = 55 US veterans from the Iraq or Afghanistan war, EFT plus TAU produced significant reductions in PTSD, anxiety, depression, hostility, obsessive-compulsive behavior, paranoia, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, and somatization compared to TAU at post-intervention.
“The results showed significant reductions in PTSD, anxiety, depression, hostility, obsessive–compulsive behavior, paranoia, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, and somatization in the EFT group compared to the TAU group at post-intervention.”
Cites
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943 · see citing works
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067 · see citing works
Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults
Breslau, N. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938 · see citing works
Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2469 · Cited by 1,818 · see citing works
(2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
What Is a “Mood Stabilizer”? An Evidence-Based Response
Bauer, M. S., & Mitchner, L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.3 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young‐Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.898 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Hui, K. K. S., Liu, J., Marina, O., Napadow, V., Haselgrove, C., Kwong, K. K., Kennedy, D. N., & Makris, N. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.037 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Cherkin, D. C., Sherman, K. J., Avins, A. L., Erro, J. H., Ichikawa, L., Barlow, W. E., Delaney, K. M., Hawkes, R. J., Hamilton, L., Pressman, A. R., et al. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.65 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Seal, K. H., Maguen, S., Cohen, B. E., Gima, K. S., Metzler, T. J., Ren, L., Bertenthal, D., & Marmar, C. R. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20493 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Fang, J., Jin, Z., Wang, Y., Li, K., Kong, J., Nixon, E. E., Zeng, Y., Ren, Y., Tong, H., Wang, Y., et al. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20583 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Sabban, E. L., & Květňanský, R. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01687-8 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Davis, S., Bozon, B., & Laroche, S. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00421-7 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Felmingham, K. L., Kemp, A. H., Williams, L. M., Das, P., Hughes, G., Peduto, A. S., & Bryant, R. A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01860.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects in the Human Brain
Dhond, R. P., Kettner, N. W., & Napadow, V. (2007) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7040 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Hollifield, M. A., Sinclair-Lian, N., Warner, T. D., & Hammerschlag, R. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31803044f8 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbance in Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lamarche, L. J., & Koninck, J. D. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0813 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Lifetime Trauma Exposure in Veterans With Military-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Clancy, C. P., Graybeal, A., Tompson, W. P., Badgett, K. S., Feldman, M. E., Calhoun, P. S., Erkanli, A., Hertzberg, M. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0904 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Davison, M. L., Bershadsky, B., Bieber, J., Silversmith, D., Maruish, M. E., & Kane, R. L. (1997) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319119700400306 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H. B., Carrington, P., & Baker, A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10189 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Church, D., Yount, G., & Brooks, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31826b9fc1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K. W., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., Loughran, P., Chouliara, Z., & Adams, S. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821cd262 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Neurochemistry of Counterconditioning: Acupressure Desensitization in Psychotherapy
Lane, J. D. (2009) · Energy Psychology · doi:10.9769/epj.2009.1.1.jrl · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Energy psychology: A review of the preliminary evidence.
Feinstein, D. L. (2008) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.199 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Rapid treatment of PTSD: Why psychological exposure with acupoint tapping may be effective.
Feinstein, D. L. (2010) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0021171 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Church, D., Piña, O., Reategui, C., & Brooks, A. J. (2011) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765611426788 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Church, D. (2009) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765609347549 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Salas, M. M., Brooks, A. J., & Rowe, J. E. (2011) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2011.02.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Feinstein, D. L., & Church, D. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021252 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF EFT TREATMENT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
Swingle, P. G., Pulos, L., & Swingle, M. K. (2004) · Subtle energies & energy medicine · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Flint, G. A., Lammers, W., & Mitnick, D. G. (2006) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v12n01_07 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A MIND/BODY THERAPY ON CLAUSTROPHOBIA
Lambrou, P., Pratt, G. J., & Chevalier, G. (2003) · Subtle energies & energy medicine · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Energy psychology in disaster relief.
Feinstein, D. L. (2008) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765608315636 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Assessment of the Emotional Freedom Technique: An Alternative Treatment for Fear.
Waite, W. L., & Holder, M. D. (2003) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Church, D., Geronilla, L., & Dinter, I. (2009) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Thought field therapy and QEEG changes in the treatment of trauma: A case study.
Diepold, J. H., & GOLDSTEIN, D. M. (2008) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765608325304 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mollon, P. (2007) · Primary Care and Community Psychiatry · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Integrating Energy Psychology into Treatment for Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Schulz, K. M. (2009) · Energy Psychology · doi:10.9769/epj.2009.1.1.ks · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Baker, A. H., & Siegel, L. S. (2010) · Energy Psychology · doi:10.9769/epj.2010.2.2.ahb · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baker, A. H., & Siegel, L. S. (2010) · Energy Psychology · doi:10.9769/epj.2010.2.2.ahb.lss · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baker, H., Carrington, P., & Putilin, D. (2009) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD: A Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Hoge, C. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8370 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Kozlowska, K., Walker, P., McLean, L., & Carrive, P. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
“Like CBT and EMDR, the tapping technique—also known as energy psychology or the emotional freedom technique— uses imaginal exposure along with three additional elements: awareness of body state, the act of tapping a series of acupuncture points on the body, and repeating certain phrases related to the negative event i…”
MethodKazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.010 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Social Work and Adverse Childhood Experiences Research: Implications for Practice and Health Policy
Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2013) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2011.619433 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis
Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Stockton, S., Bhutani, G., Grey, N., Leach, J., Greenberg, N., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000070 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety
Clond, M. A. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000483 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Mental Health Disorders in Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications and Coping Strategies
Riedel, B., Horen, S. R., Reynolds, A., & Jahromi, A. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.707358 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) Improves Multiple Physiological Markers of Health
Bach, D., Groesbeck, G., Stapleton, P., Sims, R., Blickheuser, K., & Church, D. (2019) · Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2515690x18823691 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults
Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Grey, N., Bhutani, G., Leach, J., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Katona, C., El-Leithy, S., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232245 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sebastian, B., & Nelms, J. A. (2016) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2016.10.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Acupoint Stimulation in Treating Psychological Disorders: Evidence of Efficacy
Feinstein, D. L. (2012) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028602 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Nelms, J. A., & Castel, L. D. (2016) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2016.08.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Research Design in Clinical Psychology
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108993647 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Church, D., Stapleton, P., Vasudevan, A., & O’Keefe, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951451 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Church, D. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.48092 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Church, D., Asis, M. A. D., & Brooks, A. J. (2012) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/257172 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Church, D., Stapleton, P., Yang, A., & Gallo, F. P. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000878 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Energy psychology: Efficacy, speed, mechanisms
Feinstein, D. L. (2018) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.11.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Church, D., Yount, G. L., Rachlin, K., Fox, L., & Nelms, J. A. (2016) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117116661154 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Depressive Symptom Outcomes in Randomized, Controlled Trials for PTSD
Ronconi, J. M., Shiner, B. R., & Watts, B. V. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000322 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dunlop, B. W., Kaye, J. L., Youngner, C., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2014) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs4040511 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Livingston, W. S., Rusch, H. L., Nersesian, P. V., Baxter, T., Mysliwiec, V., & Gill, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00059 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Body-Centered Interventions for Psychopathological Conditions: A Review
Tarsha, M. S., Park, S., & Tortora, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02907 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Church, D., Sparks, T., & Clond, M. A. (2016) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2016.06.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Castro, C. A. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24713 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
CAM and Energy Psychology Techniques Remediate PTSD Symptoms in Veterans and Spouses
Church, D., & Brooks, A. J. (2013) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.10.006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reductions in Pain, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms After PTSD Remediation in Veterans
Church, D. (2014) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2014.02.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Melton, H., Meader, N., Dale, H. E., Wright, K. E., Jones-Diette, J. S., Temple, M., Shah, I., Lovell, K., McMillan, D., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24430 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Single-case experimental research designs.
Kazdin, A. E. (2015) · Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed.). · doi:10.1037/14805-029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rancour, P. (2016) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010116648456 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stapleton, P., Kip, K. E., Church, D., Toussaint, L. L., Footman, J., Ballantyne, P., & O’Keefe, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195286 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Salihu, D., Kwan, R. Y. C., & Wong, E. M. L. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101467 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Church, D., & Feinstein, D. L. (2017) · Medical Acupuncture · doi:10.1089/acu.2017.1213 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Church, D., & Nelms, J. A. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tack, L., Lefebvre, T., Lycke, M., Langenaeken, C., Fontaine, C., Borms, M., HANSSENS, M. C. A. J. A., Knops, C., Meryck, K., Boterberg, T., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101081 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments
Church, D., Feinstein, D. L., Palmer-Hoffman, J., Stein, P. K., & Tranguch, A. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000188 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mental Health Wellness and Biofield Therapies: An Integrative Review
Mangione, L., Swengros, D., & Anderson, J. G. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1364808 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lotzin, A., Franc de Pommereau, A., & Laskowsky, I. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20075339 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Overall, the results of five studies showed that the interventions EFT, exposure-based CBT, EMDR, MBSR, CBT-PD, and the Trauma Therapy Program were successful in reducing psychological distress and/or subclinical symptoms [49,52,56,57,60].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe efficacy of acupoint stimulation in the treatment of psychological distress: A meta-analysis
Gilomen, S. A., & Lee, C. W. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neural changes after Emotional Freedom Techniques treatment for chronic pain sufferers
Stapleton, P., Baumann, O., O’Keefe, T., & Bhuta, S. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101653 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Al-Hadethe, A., & Hunt, N. C. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment · doi:10.4172/2324-8947.1000145 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
TBI symptoms improve after PTSD remediation with emotional freedom techniques.
Church, D., & Palmer-Hoffman, J. (2014) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/h0099831 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How Therapeutic Tapping Can Alter Neural Correlates of Emotional Prosody Processing in Anxiety
König, N., Steber, S., Seebacher, J., von Prittwitz, Q., Bliem, H. R., & Rossi, S. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Church, D., Stern, S., Boath, E., Stewart, A., Feinstein, D. L., & Clond, M. A. (2017) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/16-100 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bennett, J., Bickley, J. A., Vernon, T., Olusoga, P., & Maynard, I. W. (2017) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.11.2.96 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of Mongolian warm acupuncture on the gene expression profile of rats with insomnia
Gula, A., Li, X., Su, B., Lian, H., Bao, M., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Jia, Y., Bao, L., & Su, X. (2019) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1136/acupmed-2016-011243 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation of Clinical PTSD in Haïtian Seminarians
Gurret, J.-M., Caufour, C., Palmer-Hoffman, J., & Church, D. (2012) · Energy Psychology · doi:10.9769/epj.2012.4.2.jph · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Patient-reported outcomes in post-traumatic stress disorder Part I: Focus on psychological treatment
d'Ardenne, P., & Heke, S. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/sheke · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Uses of Energy Psychology Following Catastrophic Events
Feinstein, D. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856209 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kang, H., Fischer, I. C., Dickinson, S., Na, P. J., Tsai, J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-023-10061-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Suh, J. W., Chung, S.-Y., Kim, S. Y., Lee, J. H., & Kim, J. W. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/203612 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
McGreevy, S., & Boland, P. (2022) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102168 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
THE IMPACT OF EFT AND MATRIX REIMPRINTING ON THE CIVILIAN SURVIVORS OF WAR IN BOSNIA: A PILOT STUDY
Boath, E. (2014) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.64.72 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Navaie, M. (2014) · Journal of Anesthesia & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6148.1000403 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zheng, D., Lin, X., Gao, X., Wang, L., & Zhu, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112088 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Babamahmoodi, A., Arefnasab, Z., Noorbala, A. A., Ghanei, M., Babamahmoodi, F., Alipour, A., Alimohammadian, M. H., Riazi‐Rad, F., Khaze, V., & Darabi, H. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques for Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Seok, J., & Kim, J. U. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13216481 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Emerging Trauma Therapies: Critical Analysis and Discussion of Three Novel Approaches
Gurda, K. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1062445 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Robson, R., Robson, P. M., Ludwig, R., Mitabu, C., & Phillips, C. (2016) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2016.1.11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ratnamohan, L., MacKinnon, L. K., Lim, M., Webster, R., Waters, K. A., Kozlowska, K., Silberg, J. L., Greenwald, R., & Ribeiro, M. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000195 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Deactivating the Buttons: Integrating Radical Exposure Tapping with a Family Therapy Framework
MacKinnon, L. K. (2014) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1070 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stapleton, P., Mackay, E., Chatwin, H., Murphy, D. J., Porter, B., Thibault, S., Sheldon, T., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2017) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/2210676607666171101165425 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Finnegan, A. P., Kip, K. E., Hernández, D., McGhee, S., Rosenzweig, L., Hynes, C., & Thomas, M. D. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000417 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Kearney, D. J., Martinez, M. E., & Simpson, T. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00010-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A FEASIBILITY STUDY: EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUES FOR DEPRESSION IN AUSTRALIAN ADULTS
Stapleton, P. (2014) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.19.33 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sheldon (2014) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.40.63 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Phantom Limb Pain: An Energy/Trauma Model
Leskowitz, E. (2014) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2014.08.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rosyanti, L., Hadi, I., Tanra, J., Islam, A., Hatta, M., Hadju, V., Idrus, F., & Ibrahim, K. (2018) · Health Notions · doi:10.33846/hn.v2i8.296 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Duygusal Özgürleşme Tekniği (EFT) Kapsamı ve Uygulama Alanları
Vural, P. İ., & Aslan, E. (2018) · Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31461/ybpd.383026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hu, J., Ma, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, S., Jia, F., & Hou, C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.153 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ALTUNTAŞ, S., & Düzgüner, S. (2020) · Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33227/auifd.781006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Minewiser, L. (2017) · Medical Acupuncture · doi:10.1089/acu.2017.1216 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nicosia, G. J., Minewiser, L., & Freger, A. (2019) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-192921 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, W., Chao, T.-Y., Huang, W.-Z., Hsu, C., Tseng, P., Tzeng, N., Chang, H., Yeh, C., Weng, J.-P., Hsieh, P.-H., et al. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02000-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Integrative Medicine for PTSD and TBI: Two Innovative Approaches
Leskowitz, E. (2016) · Medical Acupuncture · doi:10.1089/acu.2016.1168 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Impact of EEG Biofeedback on Veterans' Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Kelson, C. Y. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Developing and evaluating a participatory arts programme for cancer patients and their caregivers
Lefebvre, T., Tack, L., Meersman, M., Vanneste, H., Cool, L., Eygen, K. V., Stellamans, K., Derijcke, S., Vergauwe, P. L., Backer, J. D., et al. (2020) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1080/17843286.2020.1773653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Choi, Y., Kim, Y., Choi, S.-Y., Choi, Y. E., Kwon, O., Kwon, D.-H., Lee, S.-H., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070389 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How Tapping into “Energy” Can Trigger a Paradigm Shift in Biomedicine
Leskowitz, E. (2018) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of ''EFT - Emotional Freedom Techniques'' in People with Phobias
Xanthou, A. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience & Mental Health · doi:10.26386/obrela.v3i1.173 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Energy Practices and Mindfulness Meditation
Anālayo, B., Steffens-Dhaussy, C., Gallo, F. P., & Scott, D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01923-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pfund, R. A., Boness, C. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308687 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trends of Meridian-Based Psychotherapy - Review of Researches on Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT)
Kim, S. Y., Yin, C. S., Choi, I. W., & Kim, J. (2013) · Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.7231/jon.2013.24.spc1.089 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brown, G. P., Batra, K., Dorin, E., Bakhru, R., Han, A., Palermini, A., Sottile, R., Khanbijian, S., & Hower, M. (2023) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2023.1412111 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Berger, C. C., & Johnson, K. F. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.39.4.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behandlung der PTBS bei Erwachsenen
Augsburger, M., Bering, R., Böttche, M., Ehring, T. W., Frommberger, U., Gast, U., Hecker, T., Hoffmann, A., Kleim, B., Knaevelsrud, C., et al. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rizzo, A., Laachi, S., Ali, D. A., Khabbache, H., Öztekin, G. G., Aksoy, Ş., Alkhulayfi, A. M. A., Yıldırım, M., & Chirico, F. (2025) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-02-2025-0078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genç, M., & Alkar, Ö. Y. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102627 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Internal and External Validity
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Choi, Y., Kim, Y., Kwon, D.-H., Choi, S.-Y., Choi, Y. E., Ahn, E. K., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2024) · Journal of pharmacopuncture · doi:10.3831/kpi.2024.27.1.27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Soldier: A Systematic Review
Lan, W., Wang, B., Li, G., & Liu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.052309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ENERGY PSYCHOLOGY-PRACTICES AND THEORIES OF NEW COMBINATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
Benor (2014) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.1.18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kalla, M., & Khalil, H. (2014) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Sherrill, A. M., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Case-Control and Cohort Designs
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Berührung ein Lebensmittel: Einfluss auf die körperliche und geistige Gesundheit
Müller, S. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64012-8_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Naz, S. (2012) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gelb, Y., Castañeda, S. F., Castañeda, L. M., & Allison-Aipa, T. S. (2021) · Alternative & Integrative Medicine
- Authors
- Church, D., Hawk, C., Brooks, A. J., Toukolehto, O., Wren, M., Dinter, & Stein, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Church, Dawson
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 201
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 153-160
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053519596
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- Emotional Freedom Technique, post-traumatic stress disorder, veterans, psychological distress, somatic therapy, PTSD symptom reduction, comorbid symptoms, waitlist control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Emotions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Freedom, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Research Design, Smoking, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Veterans, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
