The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hormonal contraceptives and the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections: an updated systematic review.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that some forms of hormonal contraception (HC) increase women's risk of non-human immunodeficiency virus sexually transmitted infections (STIs), yet evidence has not been reviewed since 2008. We conducted an updated systematic review to incorporate studies published between January 2009 and June 2017 to examine the relationship between HCs and incident or recurrent STIs. METHODS: We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify prospective studies comparing risk of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Treponema pallidum, or Trichomonas vaginalis, between women using HC versus nonhormonal methods or no methods. We summarize results by type of STI and HC and study quality using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS: Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria. Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) reduces the risk of trichomoniasis (consistent evidence) and may increase the risk of HSV-2 (strong effect, few studies); inconclusive evidence exists for HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Data on oral contraceptive pills (OCPs; generally not differentiated whether combined or progestin-only pills) suggest that use is associated with a reduced risk of trichomoniasis with inconclusive findings for HSV-2, HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Very few studies included norethisterone enanthate (Net-En) injectable, implants or the levonorgestrel intrauterine device. CONCLUSIONS: Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate and OCPs reduce the risk of trichomoniasis and DMPA may increase the risk of HSV-2. However, the potential for confounding cannot be ruled out. Future studies should specify the type of injectable or OCP used to increase understanding of biological pathways; more research is needed on implants and hormonal intrauterine devices.
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“Whether hormonal contraception alters a woman’s risk for other STIs is uncertain (56,57).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
The complex role of estrogens in inflammation
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Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of HIV Acquisition: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis
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Contraceptive Use among U.S. Women Having Abortions in 2000-2001
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Incidence, clearance and predictors of human papillomavirus infection in women.
Sellors, J. W., Karwalajtys, T. L., Kaczorowski, J. A., Mahony, J. B., Lytwyn, A., Chong, S., Sparrow, J., & Lorincz, A. T. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 231
Depomedroxyprogesterone-induced Hypoestrogenism and Changes in Vaginal Flora and Epithelium
Miller, L., PATTON, D. L., MEIER, A., Thwin, S. S., HOOTON, T. M., & ESCHENBACH, D. A. (2000) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00906-6 · Cited by 203
Polis, C. B., Curtis, K. M., Hannaford, P. C., Phillips, S. J., Chipato, T., Kiarie, J. N., Westreich, D. J., & Steyn, P. S. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001228 · Cited by 196
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- 2013, The complexity of contraceptives: Understanding their impact on genital immune cells and vaginal microbiota, AIDS, 27, S5
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Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 3,018
Metadata
- Authors
- McCarthy, K. J., Gollub, E. L., Ralph, L., van de Wijgert, J., & Jones, H. E.
- Affiliations
- City University of New York (US)
- Pace University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, Katharine J.
- Jones, Heidi E.
- Venue
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 290-296
- ISSN
- 0148-5717 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4521
- OpenAlex
- W2914585023
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.library.uu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted infections, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex virus type 2, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papillomavirus, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, oral contraceptives, norethisterone enanthate, contraceptive implants, levonorgestrel intrauterine device, STI risk
- MeSH terms
- Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Female, Herpes Genitalis, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Trichomonas Infections, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Risk Assessment
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