Full-length HIV-1 Gag determines protease inhibitor susceptibility within in-vitro assays
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OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that gag contributes to protease inhibitor susceptibility in treatment-experienced patients. Moreover, protease inhibitor resistance-associated mutations can arise in gag in the absence of protease mutations in vitro. We wished to assess the contribution of full-length Gag to protease inhibitor susceptibility in viruses unexposed to protease inhibitors, in particular from the most common HIV-1 subtypes, namely subtype A and C. DESIGN: We compared the drug resistance profiles of subtype A and C cognate gag-protease (from viruses not previously exposed to protease inhibitor) to protease combined with a generic subtype B gag as in routine phenotypic testing. METHODS: We amplified gag-protease sequences from plasma-derived virus or molecular clones, and used a single cycle transfection-based drug resistance assay to compare the fold changes in the concentration of drug required to inhibit 50% of viral replication of these viruses to a generic subtype B. We made a series of chimeras to explore phenotypes further. RESULTS: In some cases, use of protease sequences without the cognate gag overestimated susceptibility to protease inhibitors, in particular to lopinavir. We provide evidence that gag sequences from wild-type viruses can contribute as much as 14-fold reduction in susceptibility to lopinavir, and that cognate protease can balance this by partially restoring susceptibility. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering protease inhibitor susceptibility in the context of full-length gag, particularly with respect to the range of HIV-1 subtypes circulating worldwide.
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Saladini, F., & Vicenti, I. (2016) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2016-0080
Cock, I. E., Matthews, B., & Basson, A. E. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30081701
Altaf, M., Cheng, M. T. K., González-Vázquez, L. D., Jesu Castin, E., Kemp, S. A., Hisner, R., Martin, D. P., Thukral, L., Meng, B., & Gupta, R. K. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117460
Self-citationThe design and synthesis of novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Pribut, N. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
- Authors
- Gupta, R. K., Kohli, A., McCormick, A. L., Towers, G. J., Pillay, D., & Parry, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Health Protection Agency (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pillay, Deenan
- Venue
- AIDS
- Published
- 2010-07-17
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1651-1655
- ISSN
- 0269-9370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2923069
- OpenAlex
- W2049673515
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- AIDS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT081772MA, 076608, 87743, 081772)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Keywords
- HIV-1 Gag, protease inhibitor resistance, lopinavir, HIV-1 subtype A, HIV-1 subtype C, subtype B, drug resistance testing, HIV-1 subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Pyrimidinones, Virus Replication, HIV-1, Genes, gag, HIV Protease, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Drug Resistance, Viral, Lopinavir
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