The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental disorders
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review: There continues to be more males than females diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, which may provide clues about their cause. This review will focus on the two most common neurodevelopmental disorders – autism spectrum disorder (autism) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and explore recent research to understand recent developments in the field. Recent findings: Biological mechanisms including genetics, hormones and their interaction with other risk factors, such as stress and lead exposure, point to complex causal pathways for neurodevelopmental disorders. Over recent years, the research focus on sex differences in symptom profiles in autism has continued; however, a meta-analysis of existing studies indicated minimal sex differences in core autism symptoms. In ADHD, changes in the sex ratio from disparity in childhood to parity in adulthood may relate to the onset and trajectory of hyperactivity symptoms in females. Research into medical and psychiatric comorbidities, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and gender dysphoria, is also providing insights into the role of early androgen exposure as a potential causal factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary: The factors, which contribute to an increased number of males with neurodevelopmental disorders in most cases are complex involving interactions between genetics, hormones and environmental factors.
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“Our results are in support of recent findings demonstrating that men are overrepresented in gender ratios and autistic traits are underdiagnosed in women [67–69].”
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1 retracted
Christensen, D. L., Braun, K. V. N., Baio, J., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6513a1 · Cited by 587
RetractedWhat Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 · Cited by 2,804
Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males?
Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Ashwin, E., Chakrabarti, B., & Knickmeyer, R. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001081 · Cited by 754
Dean, M., Harwood, R., & Kasari, C. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316671845 · Cited by 566
Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008 · Cited by 528
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents
de Vries, A. L. C., Noens, I. L. J., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A., & DORELEIJERS, T. A. H. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9 · Cited by 518
Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: a review
Ferri, S. L., Abel, T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0874-2 · Cited by 392
Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1811032115 · Cited by 372
Increased Gender Variance in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L. E., Dominska, A., Sokoloff, J. L., Kenealy, L. E., Berl, M. M., Walsh, K. S., Menvielle, E. J., Slesaransky-Poe, G., Kim, K.-E., et al. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0285-3 · Cited by 304
Wang, T., Liu, K., Li, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, W., & Chen, L. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1187-9 · Cited by 263
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Dewinter, 2017, Sexual orientation, gender identity, and romantic relationships in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder, Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47, 2927
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders
Han, V. X., Patel, S., Jones, H. F., & Dale, R. C. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00530-8 · Cited by 683
Santos, S., Ferreira, H., Martins, J., Gonçalves, J., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104577 · Cited by 148
Christian, C. A., Reddy, D. S., Maguire, J., & Forcelli, P. A. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.119.017392 · Cited by 105
Sex Differences in the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Mental Health
Holingue, C., Budavari, A. C., Rodriguez, K. M., Zisman, C. R., Windheim, G., & Fallin, M. D. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01202-y · Cited by 85
Shook, L. L., Kışlal, S., & Edlow, A. G. (2020) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.5724 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- May, T., Adesina, I., McGillivray, J., & Rinehart, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- May, Tamara
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurology
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 622-626
- ISSN
- 1350-7540 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-6551
- OpenAlex
- W2945989667
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- sex differences, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sex ratio, androgen exposure, polycystic ovary syndrome, gender dysphoria, comorbidities, stress, lead exposure, genetic risk factors, hormonal risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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