The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fixed or random effects meta-analysis? Common methodological issues in systematic reviews of effectiveness
Abstract
Systematic review aims to systematically identify, critically appraise, and summarize all relevant studies that match predefined criteria and answer predefined questions. The most common type of systematic review is that assessing the effectiveness of an intervention or therapy. In this article, we discuss some of the common methodological issues that arise when conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of effectiveness data, including issues related to study designs, meta-analysis, and the use and interpretation of effect sizes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Additionally, it was recommended that the protocol should define the methods to be used for risk of bias assessment, meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity [41, 42, 44].”
From Methods to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies: a systematic scoping review of recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The articles recommended that the protocol should state the objectives, hypotheses to be tested and the rationale of the review, [29] and that it should describe eligibility criteria [29, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41], define the type of studies to be included [35, 37, 42, 44], and give the reason when including observational studies in the review [35, 37, 40].”
From Methods to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies: a systematic scoping review of recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Twenty-five (27%) articles gave recommendations on item “considering different study designs” [8, 29, 34, 35, 37–39, 42, 44, 49, 51, 56, 61, 65, 70, 73, 75, 76, 77–83], with publication dates between 1995 and 2016 (median year of publication 2007).”
From Methods to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies: a systematic scoping review of recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“A variation of this recommendation was to exclude studies that are at high risk of bias [42, 44, 54, 73, 82].”
From Methods to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies: a systematic scoping review of recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553
Morris, S. B., & DeShon, R. P. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.105 · Cited by 2,502
Systematic Reviews in Health Care : Meta-Analysis in Context
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., & Altman, D. G. (2000) · Cited by 2,312
Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues
Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Higgins, J. P., Curtin, F., Worthington, H. V., & Vail, A. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.140 · Cited by 2,305
Hayes, R., & Moulton, L. H. (2009) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781584888178 · Cited by 881
15 Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials
Kenward, M. G., & Jones, B. C. (2007) · Handbook of statistics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7161(07)27015-4 · Cited by 873
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Walter, 1998, Odds ratios revisited., Evidence-Based Med, 3, 71
- Olkin, 1998, Odds ratios revisited., Evidence-Based Med, 3, 71
- Altman, 1998, Odds ratios revisited., Evidence-Based Med, 3, 71
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Du, C., Gu, N.-M., Guo, T., & Liu, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316400 · Cited by 7
Campbell, J. M., Adanichkin, N., Kurmis, R., & Munn, Z. (2017) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2017.09.013 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSteffensen, C., Trypis, G., Mander, G., & Munn, Z. (2019) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003888 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDiacci, R., Issah, A., Williams, K., McAuliffe, L., Aubin, A., McAuliffe, J. E., Phung, J., Wang, C. A., & Pennell, C. E. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050086 · Cited by 7
Gebremichael, L. G., Beleigoli, A. M. R., Champion, S., Nesbitt, K., Bulto, L. N., de Plaza, M. A. P., Pearson, V., Noonan, S., Hendriks, J., Hines, S. J., et al. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00457 · Cited by 7
Septorhinoplasty and the Late Impact on Olfactory Function: A Review and Meta-analysis
de Sousa, F. A., Santos, M., Correia, J. T., Pinto, A. N., Meireles, L., & Ferreira, M. G. (2022) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/a-1979-8636 · Cited by 7
Suebkinorn, O., Ramos, J. S., Grace, S. L., Gebremichael, L. G., Bulamu, N. B., de Plaza, M. A. P., Dafny, H. A., Pearson, V., Hines, S. J., Dalleck, L. C., et al. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-22-00394 · Cited by 7
Xia, W., Yu, H., Lei, X., & Wen, P. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037432 · Cited by 7
“[18] 3.”
Sookhoo, D., & Thurston, C. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003575 · Cited by 8
DEMELİ, A., & Meyer, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13641 · Cited by 6
Shelley, L., Jones, C. A., Pearson, E., Richards, C., Crawford, H., Paricos, A., Greenhill, C., Woodhead, A., Tarver, J., & Waite, J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102434 · Cited by 6
“A random-effects model was L. Shelley et al. used over the fixed-model as it considers variation between studies and does not assume a common effect size (Hedges & Vevea, 1998; Tufanaru, Munn, Stephenson, & Aromataris, 2015).”
Lei, L.-J., Lai, C. S. W., Lee, T. M. C., & Lam, C. L. M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.060 · Cited by 9
Lyngstrand, J. E., Bønnelykke‐Behrndtz, M. L., Laurberg, T., Røssell, E., & Sollie, M. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-12598-8 · Cited by 6
“The analysis was performed using the inverse variance statistical method and applying a random effects analysis model to account for heterogeneity according to the DerSimonian and Laird method [20, 21].”
MethodLei, L., Fang, Z., Xu, C., Wang, Z., Li, H., & Ma, L. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02616-y · Cited by 6
“To generalize our findings beyond the included studies, the random-effects model is the most appropriate model for meta-analysis[27].”
ResultInsights into undergraduate medical student selection tools: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, P., Arianpoor, A., Taylor, S., Gonzales, J., & Shulruf, B. (2024) · Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions · doi:10.3352/jeehp.2024.21.22 · Cited by 6
“Due to the heterogeneous nature of the application of selection tools across studies (i.e., different countries, weightings of selection criteria, and medical programs) a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted [15].”
A meta‐analysis on racial discrimination and alcohol use among Asian Americans
Liu, M. A., Fox, T., Salyers, M. P., Zapolski, T. C. B., & Cyders, M. A. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15475 · Cited by 6
Zhao, F.-Y., Xu, Y., Kennedy, G. A., Conduit, R., Zhang, W., Jiang, T., Xu, P., Ho, J. Y. S., Fu, Q.-Q., & Chow, C. M. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103163 · Cited by 6
Standardized Management of the First Hour of Premature Infants: A Meta-Analysis
Tribolet, S., Dénes, S., & Rigo, V. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-068606 · Cited by 7
Bakhshimoghaddam, F., Jafarirad, S., & Parsanahad, M. (2025) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-025-03820-9 · Cited by 6
“In cases where fewer than five comparisons were available, fixed-effects models were applied, following established guide - lines [18].”
Wu, W., Xie, X., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, L., & Su, Y. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103672 · Cited by 6
Niemeyer, H., Opper, F., Sabé, M., Holmes, E. A., & Böge, K. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf185 · Cited by 6
Li, J. Z., Tang, X., Hu, W., Chen, M., Zhang, M., Lao, Y., & Tang, L. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112958 · Cited by 6
Sulfikar Ali, A., Arumugam, A., Gururaj, S., & Senthil Kumaran, D. (2021) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-20-00349 · Cited by 7
Shi, B., Yang, R., Tian, W., Lu, M., & Wang, X. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170277 · Cited by 6
Matsukawa, H., Orscelik, A., Elawady, S. S., Sowlat, M., Cunningham, C. M., Kasab, S. A., Uchida, K., Yoshimura, S., & Spiotta, A. M. (2024) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.100 · Cited by 6
Chen, J., Lei, D., Cao, P., He, J., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Journal of Dermatological Treatment · doi:10.1080/09546634.2024.2355256 · Cited by 6
“Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95%CI were used to analyze the included continuous variables (15,16).”
The Relationship Between Sexual Minority Stress and Sexual Satisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review
Croteau, T. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2390092 · Cited by 8
“A random-effects model was selected because it operates under the assumption that the studies and effect sizes included in the review will systematically differ based on the populations sampled and research designs utilized (Tufanaru et al., 2015).”
Ping, X., Yoshioka, N., Kim, J., & Sankaridurg, P. R. (2024) · Contact Lens and Anterior Eye · doi:10.1016/j.clae.2024.102303 · Cited by 6
Oral health status of individuals with eating disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Chan, C. C. K., Chen, A. M.-C., & Lam, P. P. Y. (2024) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105427 · Cited by 6
de Souza, M. H. G., Amaral, M. J. M., Lima, L. C. V., & Villela‐Nogueira, C. A. (2025) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18498 · Cited by 6
“Random effects model was used in all analyses [22].”
Kazeminasab, F., Mahboobi, M. H., Mohebinejad, M., Nojoumi, M., Belyani, S., CAMERA, D. M., Moradi, S., & Bagheri, R. (2025) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.104574 · Cited by 6
“Results were pooled using random-effects models, based on the assumption that heterogeneity was likely from a clinical perspective and may have affected the fi ndings [43].”
Edwards, D. J., Carrier, J., & Hawker, C. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003755 · Cited by 6
Dunlop, E., Kiely, M. E., James, A. P., Singh, T., & Black, L. J. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00373 · Cited by 6
Oskouie, Y. A., Abbasi-Asl, M., Zenouz, A. T., Pashazadeh, F., Oskouie, S. A., & Leylabadlo, H. E. (2021) · Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.5812/jjm.111125 · Cited by 6
“Statistical analyses were conducted by the random-effects method (18).”
MethodBaniulyte, G., Ali, K., & Burns, L. (2021) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00019 · Cited by 6
“Statistical analyses will be performed using random 193 effects or fixed effect model, depending on the quality and the amount of trials located.(20) 194”
MethodGriswold, D. P., & Rubiano, A. M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051792 · Cited by 6
Qiu, H., Chuang, K.-J., Fan, Y., Chang, T.-P., Bai, C., & Ho, K. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113370 · Cited by 6
Gomes, E. T., Carbogim, F. D. C., Lins, R. S., Lins-Filho, R. L. D. M., Poveda, V. D. B., & Püschel, V. A. D. A. (2022) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6106.3648 · Cited by 6
“outcome, the meta-analysis was prepared through the fixed-effects model(23).”
BackgroundMethodMunn, Z., Barker, T. H., Aromataris, E., Klugar, M., & Sears, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.10.020 · Cited by 6
Self-citationLee, G. S. J., Tay, H. S. E., Teo, V. X. Y., Goh, R. S. J., Chong, B., Chan, S. P., Tay, E. L. W., Lim, Y., Yip, J., Chew, N., et al. (2022) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/00033197221121616 · Cited by 6
“10,(13-15) and all analyses were conducted using a random effects model.(16) Firstly, a proportional based meta-analysis was used to summarize the rate of events in individual groups.”
MethodFong, K. Y., Chan, Y. H., Wang, Y., Yeo, C., Lim, E. T. S., & Tan, V. H. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.004 · Cited by 6
Maina, G., Pollock, D., Lockwood, C. S., Cook, L., & Ooi, E. H. (2023) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/10556656221148368 · Cited by 6
“Statistical analyses were performed using fi xed effects model 27 and the inverse-variance statistical method.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoussa, F. A. H., & Brownlee, I. A. (2023) · Food Hydrocolloids for Health · doi:10.1016/j.fhfh.2023.100146 · Cited by 7
Dafny, H. A., McCloud, C., Champion, S., Pearson, V., Hines, S. J., Brown, S., Phillips, C., Waheed, N., Cabilan, C. J., & Johnston, S. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-22-00441 · Cited by 6
A systematic review on Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) for chondral knee defects
Ong, J. J. S., Tan, S. F., & Kurien, T. (2024) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2024.08.003 · Cited by 6
Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, M. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095512 · Cited by 6
Gebreyohannes, Y., Gebrie, S. A., Ararso, D., Deribe, F. M., Tefera, M. H., & Sudhakar, M. (2017) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003111 · Cited by 6
“The choice of model (random or fixed effects) and method for meta-analysis will be based on the guidance by Tufanaru et al.(34) Subgroup analyses will be conducted where there is sufficient data to investigate the relationship between different comparator interventions in the selected studies.”
MethodNnate, D. A., Mabhala, M. A., & Massey, A. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00290 · Cited by 6
Cirico, M. O. V., Shimoda, G. T., Silva, I. A., de Sousa, M. V. P., de Castro, R., & McArthur, A. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00371 · Cited by 6
Papanastasiou, C. A., Zegkos, T., Kokkinidis, D. G., Parcharidou, D. G., Karamitsos, T. D., & Efthimiadis, G. K. (2021) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.07.025 · Cited by 6
da Silva, R. C. G., Cardoso, D., Abrunheiro, S. F. S., Almeida, M., & Apóstolo, J. (2016) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003194 · Cited by 6
Leigh, V., Tufănaru, C., & Elliott, R. M. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003526 · Cited by 6
Pitre, L., Garbee, D. D., Tipton, J. A., Schiavo, J. H., & Pitt, A. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00199 · Cited by 5
“Statistical analysis was performed using random effects.(12) Subgroup analysis was conducted where there were sufficient data to investigate.”
Method“Stepping Up”: A Decade of Relationship Violence Prevention
Carter‐Snell, C., & Warthe, D. G. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12090501 · Cited by 5
Fujitsuka, M., Takao, K., Ueki, S., & Morokuma, S. (2025) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-24-00169 · Cited by 5
Virtual Reality in Otolaryngology Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Do, K., Sagalow, E. S., Kawana, E., Young, K., Montagne, W., Tian, S., Ng, M., & Bigcas, J. (2025) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.32221 · Cited by 5
“A fixed-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean differences of anxiety/stress, pain, and satisfaction scores [31, 32].”
Mao, K., Ku, J. C.-K., Wang, F., Song, K., Lam, W. Y. H., & Yu, O. Y. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105949 · Cited by 5
Comprehensive meta-analysis of emergency trauma outcomes: trends, interventions, and survival rates
Li, A., Feng, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., & Jiang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1696401 · Cited by 5
Tang, A. S. P., Quek, J., Sulaimi, F., Sim, B., Kai, T. O. S., Soon, E. Y., Goh, C. N., Hsu, J. L. J., Lee, C. K. L., Chong, S. K. S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.70322 · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of erector spinae plane block for rib fracture analgesia: a systematic review protocol
Harford, P., Tran, L., Pollock, D., Thiruvenkatarajan, V., & Munn, Z. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-23-00168 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPreventing postpartum hemorrhage: A network meta-analysis on routes of administration of uterotonics
Papadopoulou, A., Tournas, G., Georgiopoulos, G. A., Antsaklis, P., Daskalakis, G., Coomarasamy, A., & Devall, A. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.02.021 · Cited by 5
Zhang, Q., Jiao, L., Chen, Q., Bulstra, C. A., Geldsetzer, P., de Oliveira, T., Yang, J., Wang, C., Bärnighausen, T., & Chen, S. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02597-y · Cited by 5
“Studies were combined in meta-analyses using the random effect model because of substantial heterogeneity among studies [30].”
MethodSarika, K., Karuveettil, V., Prabha, R. D., Ajith, V. V., K, S. V. N., Ghosh, P., & Suresh, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082396 · Cited by 5
“30 Heterogeneity will be evaluated statistically using the standard χ 2 and I 2 tests.”
Wong, Z. Y., Damavandi, P., Misky, A. T., & Pollock, J. (2024) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2024.11.062 · Cited by 5
Munn, Z., Pollock, D., Stone, J., Hasanoff, S., Gordon, A. L., Price, C. L., Stark, M. J., & Barker, T. H. (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13916 · Cited by 6
“The choice of model (random or fixed effects) and method for meta-analysis were based on the guidance by Tufanaru et al. 29 To facilitate meta-analysis, interquartile ranges were converted to standard deviations where needed and possible.”
Self-citationKhalafi, M., Maleki, A. H., Symonds, M. E., Rosenkranz, S. K., Ehsanifar, M., & Dinani, S. M. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.01.022 · Cited by 6
Zhuang, Q., Yin, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101994 · Cited by 5
He, S., Liu, C.-H., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., & Sun, G. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-03926-8 · Cited by 5
“The choice of fixed effects model or random effects model was determined by using the guidelines by Tufanuru et al. [21].”
Xing, X.-D., Zhao, S.-Y., Jiang, R., & Jiang, W. (2025) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06184-8 · Cited by 4
“Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed-effects model for any variable when reported by two studies or more [26].”
Yan, S., Ding, X., Gao, Q., Zhao, L., Li, C., Sun, Z., & Ma, X. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed10070193 · Cited by 5
“A random-effects model was employed when great heterogeneity was present (I 2 > 50%); otherwise, a fixed-effects model was employed [20].”
Pestana‐Santos, M., Pereira, M. J. V. D. C. R., Pestana‐Santos, A., Santos, E. J. F., Gonçalves, A. S., Cardoso, D., Lomba, L., & Santos, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Perioperative Nursing · doi:10.26550/2209-1092.1130 · Cited by 7
Powell, N., Kohl, D., Ahmed, S., Kent, B., Sandoe, J. A. T., Tonkin-Crine, S. K., Owens, R., Stephens, J., & Upton, M. (2021) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00075 · Cited by 5
Fontaine, G., Maheu‐Cadotte, M., Lavallée, A., Mailhot, T., Lavoie, P., Rouleau, G., Vinette, B., Ramirez-Garcìa, P., & Bourbonnais, A. (2022) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12609 · Cited by 5
Song, Y., Xing, H., Koch, P. D., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1080257 · Cited by 5
“The decision flow chart for the selection of the statistical model in this meta-analysis was previously described (14).”
MethodPalomaa, A.-K., Huhtala, S., Tuomikoski, A., & Pölkki, T. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-22-00179 · Cited by 5
Lu, X., Meng, J., Wang, H., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J., Ruan, X., Chen, Y., Ye, Y., Su, L., Fan, X., et al. (2023) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2023.100014 · Cited by 5
Associations of nickel exposure with diabetes: evidence from observational studies
Xia, W., Guo, X., Xie, P., Feng, L., Wu, B., Gao, J., Ma, S., Liu, H., Sun, C., Qu, G., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-29423-7 · Cited by 5
“We employed the random-effects model in all analyses because there is evidence that it can provide more robust outcome measures compared to the fixed-effects model (Tufanaru et al. 2015).”
MethodNon-operative management of high-grade splenic injury: a systematic review protocol
Nann, S. D., Clarke, M., Jog, S., & Aromataris, E. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-23-00239 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPhysiotherapy in Patients with Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ghaderi, F., Kharaji, G., Hajebrahimi, S., Pashazadeh, F., Berghmans, B. C. M., & Salehi‐Pourmehr, H. (2023) · Urology Research and Practice · doi:10.5152/tud.2023.23018 · Cited by 5
Ho, L. Y. W., Lai, C. K. Y., & Ng, S. S. M. (2024) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2024.2304966 · Cited by 5
“32,33 When required data were not directly available, the group mean was calculated using q 1 þ m þ q 3 3 , 34 and the standard deviation was calculated using q 3 (cid:0) q 1 2 (cid:0) 1 0 : 75 n (cid:0) 0 : 125 n þ 0 : 25 ð 35 ; otherwise, the Fail-Safe N analysis was used to identify the number…”
MethodWang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Zhao, D., Xu, Y., Liu, Z., Wu, C., Wu, S., Yong, M., & Wu, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1352212 · Cited by 5
Risk factors for tibial infections following osteosynthesis – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Niebuhr, D., Mattson, T., Jensen, N. M., Viberg, B., & Jensen, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102376 · Cited by 5
Webster‐Clark, M., Filion, K. B., & Platt, R. W. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae015 · Cited by 5
“16 Further, varying the target population across the sites of a multisite study or distributed network can help one examine effects at sites relevant to the stakeholders participating in the network, akin to analyzing a variety of target populations for randomized controlled trials.”
BackgroundEndometriosis risk is associated with shorter anogenital distance by meta-analysis
Crespi, B. J. (2024) · Journal of Endometriosis and Uterine Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jeud.2024.100083 · Cited by 5
Carter, N., Nalbant, G., Chahal, P., & Chattopadhyay, K. (2024) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-23-00273 · Cited by 12
Gebremichael, B., Lassi, Z. S., Begum, M., & Zhou, S. J. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.029 · Cited by 5
Taylor, B., Ellis, J. P., Ponty, S., Patrick, L., Scott, T. E., & Chockalingam, N. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086727 · Cited by 5
“29 A narrative description will be performed where insufficient continuous or dichotomous data exist for a volatile agent and outcome.”
Gatheru, P. M., Wao, H., Alamdo, A. G., Kwarteng, P. G., Kwashie, M. D., Kabiru, C. W., Alangea, D. O., Torpey, K., & Manu, A. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01912-z · Cited by 5
“Further rationale for using the random effects model to meta-synthesize is based on the multicriteria perspectives proposed by Tufanaru et al. [28].”
FitzGerald, H., Anderson, E., Anderson, L. R., Tracy, A., & Thomson, J. S. (2019) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2018-004040 · Cited by 5
Hang, J., Francis‐Coad, J., Naseri, C., Waldron, N., & Hill, A. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00240 · Cited by 5
Evans, J. R., Canuto, K. J., Kelly, R., Caperchione, C. M., & Macniven, R. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-20-00060 · Cited by 5
Munhoz, O. L., Morais, B. X., dos Santos, W. M., de Paula, C. C., & Magnago, T. S. B. D. S. (2022) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6219.3709 · Cited by 5
Kunze, K. N., Kay, J., Pareek, A., Dahmen, J., Nwachukwu, B. U., Williams, R. J., KARLSSON, J. L., & de SA, D. L. (2023) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-023-07328-9 · Cited by 6
“In choosing this method, the following assumptions should be satisfied: (1) the sole source of variation occurs within each study; (2) all study populations do not differ in meaningful ways; (3) study selection criteria does not differ and (4) treatments do not differ across studies [5, 23, 29].”
MethodWang, M. K., Heo, R., Meyre, P. B., Blum, S., Park, L., Birchenough, L., Vuong, K., McIntyre, W. F., Healey, J. S., Devereaux, P. J., et al. (2023) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.57187/smw.2023.40056 · Cited by 5
Ting, D. S. J., Henein, C., Said, D. G., & Dua, H. S. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00367 · Cited by 5
Palomaa, A.-K., Tuomikoski, A., Huhtala, S., & Pölkki, T. (2021) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00010 · Cited by 5
Rieger, K. L., Lobchuk, M., Duff, M. A., Chernomas, W. M., Campbell‐Enns, H. J., Demczuk, L., Nicolas, S., & West, C. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003446 · Cited by 5
Kourbelis, C., Franzon, J., Foote, J. W., Brown, A. D. H., Daniel, M., Coffee, N. T., Newman, P. K., Ganesan, A. N., Nicholls, S. J., & Clark, R. A. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003584 · Cited by 5
Mulugeta, H., Sinclair, P. M., & Wilson, A. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.23284815 · Cited by 5
“A random-effects model with DerSimonian and Laird model will estimate the pooled effect size of the outcomes, as recommended by Tufanaru et al (35).”
MethodWang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, Q., & Su, Y. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/74347 · Cited by 7
“Researchers in 12 studies reported feasibility, which was assessed by retention rate (n=8), wearing time (n=2), whether steps per day improved or not (n=1), and adherence to interventions (n=1) [39-41,”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tufanaru, C., Munn, Z., Stephenson, M., & Aromataris, E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Venue
- International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 196-207
- ISSN
- 1744-1595 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-1609
- OpenAlex
- W2180006680
- Cited by
- 1,057
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 204 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- fixed-effects meta-analysis, random-effects meta-analysis, systematic review methodology, intervention effectiveness, effect size, research design
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Review Literature as Topic, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Odds Ratio, Guidelines as Topic, Cross-Over Studies, Evidence-Based Medicine, Observational Studies as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
