Cited by 356Complex Network Analysis TechniquesGlobal Urban Networks and DynamicsAgglomeration and Urban Systems

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The scaling of human interactions with city size

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Schläpfer, Markus, Bettencourt, Luís M. A., Grauwin, Sébastian, Raschke, Mathias, Claxton, Rob, Smoreda, Zbigniew, West, Geoffrey B., Ratti, Carlo·2014·Journal of The Royal Society Interface

DOI 10.1098/rsif.2013.0789PMC PMC4233681

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Abstract

The size of cities is known to play a fundamental role in social and economic life. Yet, its relation to the structure of the underlying network of human interactions has not been investigated empirically in detail. In this paper, we map society-wide communication networks to the urban areas of two European countries. We show that both the total number of contacts and the total communication activity grow superlinearly with city population size, according to well-defined scaling relations and resulting from a multiplicative increase that affects most citizens. Perhaps surprisingly, however, the probability that an individual's contacts are also connected with each other remains largely unaffected. These empirical results predict a systematic and scale-invariant acceleration of interaction-based spreading phenomena as cities get bigger, which is numerically confirmed by applying epidemiological models to the studied networks. Our findings should provide a microscopic basis towards understanding the superlinear increase of different socioeconomic quantities with city size, that applies to almost all urban systems and includes, for instance, the creation of new inventions or the prevalence of certain contagious diseases.

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Authors: Schläpfer, M., Bettencourt, L. M. A., Grauwin, S., Raschke, M., Claxton, R., Smoreda, Z., West, G. B., & Ratti, C.
Affiliations: Santa Fe Institute (US)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Raschke Software Engineering, 65195 Wiesbaden, Germany
BT Group (United Kingdom) (GB)
Orange (France) (FR)
Corresponding author: Schläpfer, Markus
ORCID: Schläpfer, Markus
Bettencourt, Luís M. A.
Grauwin, Sébastian
Raschke, Mathias
Smoreda, Zbigniew
Ratti, Carlo
Venue: Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2014-09-06
Volume: 11
Issue: 98
Pages: 20130789-20130789
ISSN: 1742-5662 (ISSN-L)
1742-5689
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0789
PMC: PMC4233681
OpenAlex: W2099610463
Cited by: 356
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 14
FWCI: 18.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of The Royal Society Interface (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation
James S. McDonnell Foundation (220020195)
John Templeton Foundation (15705)
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
Army Research Office (W911NF1210097)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Global Urban Networks and Dynamics
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agglomeration and Urban Systems
Keywords: city size, superlinear scaling, communication networks, urban population, contact networks, scale invariance, epidemic spread, disease transmission
MeSH terms: Cities, Communication, United Kingdom, Humans, Population Density, Portugal, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Urbanization, Models, Statistical, Cell Phone

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