CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 103Coleoptera Taxonomy and DistributionScarabaeidae Beetle Taxonomy and BiogeographyEvolution and Paleontology Studies

Multiple ancient origins of neoteny in Lycidae (Coleoptera): consequences for ecology and macroevolution

Open access
Bocak, Ladislav, Bocakova, Milada, Hunt, Toby, Vogler, Alfried P·2008·Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI 10.1098/rspb.2008.0476PMC PMC2596372
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Neoteny, the maintenance of larval features in sexually mature adults, is a radical way of generating evolutionary novelty through shifts in relative timing of developmental programmes. While controlled by the environment in facultative neotenics, retention of larval features is obligatory in many species of Lycidae (net-winged beetles). They are studied here as an example of how developmental shifts and ecology interact to produce macroevolutionary impacts. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of Lycidae based on DNA sequences from nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (rrnL,cox1,cob and nad5) genes from a representative set of lineages (73 species), including 17 neotenic taxa. Major changes of basal relationships compared with those implied in the current classification generally supported three independent origins of neotenics in Lycidae. The southeast Asian Lyropaeinae and Ateliinae were in basal positions indicating evolutionary antiquity, also confirmed by molecular clock estimates, unlike the neotropical leptolycines nested within Calopterini and presumably much younger. neotenics exhibit typical K-selected traits including slow development, large body size, high investment in offspring and low dispersal. This correlated with low species richness and restricted ranges of neotenic lineages compared with their sisters. Yet, these factors did not impede the evolutionary persistence of affected lineages, even without reversals to fully metamorphosed forms, contradicting earlier suggestions of recent evolution from dispersive non-neotenics.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1098/rspb.2008.0476

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Strepsiptera and phylogenetically well-resolved elateroid beetles, the trade-off between dispersal and fecundity appears to be total, with no reversals apparent across phylogeny.

    “In Strepsiptera (McMahon et al. , 2011a) and phylogenetically well-resolved elateroid beetles (e.g. Lycidae; Bocak et al. , 2008; Masek et al. , 2015), the trade-off appears to be total (no reversals are apparent across phylogeny; although see Jeng, 2008 for a wider discussion of Elateroidea).”

    From Why grow up? <scp>A</scp> perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis (2016) · cites this paper as Bocak et al., 2008

    The Discussion reports that wing loss reduces dispersal in neotenic Lycidae while allowing greater investment in reproduction, and says trait mapping is consistent with no reversals in neoteny. It also describes these changes as stepwise, rather than establishing a total dispersal–fecundity trade-off. This citation supports the Lycidae portion of the sentence, not the separately cited Strepsiptera portion. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Defensive coloration and luminescence represent ancestral aposematic traits of other paedomorphic elateroid lineages such as Lampyridae and Phengodidae.

    “Interestingly, defensive coloration (Linsley et al. , 1961) and luminescence (De Cock &amp; Matthysen, 2001) represent ancestral aposematic traits of other paedomorphic elateroid lineages such as Lampyridae and Phengodidae (Bocak et al. , 2008).”

    From Why grow up? <scp>A</scp> perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis (2016) · cites this paper as Bocak et al., 2008

    The Discussion (section 4) identifies luminescence as an aposematic signal in Lampyridae and Phengodidae and says these defensive strategies preceded the shift to extreme neoteny. It assigns aposematic coloration to Cantharidae and Lycidae, however, not to Lampyridae or Phengodidae, so the claim’s grouping of both traits with the latter lineages is not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Insects that have lost complete metamorphosis via type II paedomorphosis are thought to have evolved once in derived lineages of the endoparasitic order Strepsiptera, and several times in the beetle superfamily Elateroidea.

    “Insects that have lost complete metamorphosis via type II paedomorphosis are thought to have evolved once in derived lineages of the endoparasitic order Strepsiptera (Kathirithamby, 1989; Pohl &amp; Beutel, 2008; McMahon et al. , 2011a,2011b), and several times in the beetle superfamily Elateroidea (Mjöberg, 1925; Cicero, 1988; Wong, 1996; Bocak &amp; Matsuda, 2003; Bocak et al. , 2008; Jeng, 2008”

    From Why grow up? <scp>A</scp> perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis (2016) · cites this paper as Bocak et al., 2008

  • In Platerodrilini (Lycidae), females are both soft-bodied and substantially larger than their male counterparts.

    “In one of the more unusual examples, the so-called 'trilobite larvae' of the Platerodrilini (Lycidae), females are both soft-bodied and substantially larger than their male counterparts (Bocakova et al. , 2007; Bocak et al. , 2008) (Fig. 3).”

    From Why grow up? <scp>A</scp> perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis (2016) · cites this paper as Bocak et al., 2008

  • Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among putatively independent lineages remains equivocal for many groups.

    “Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among putatively independent lineages also remains equivocal for many groups (although see Bocak et al. , 2008; Kundrata &amp; Bocak, 2011; McMahon et al. , 2011a; Masek et al. , 2015).”

    From Why grow up? <scp>A</scp> perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis (2016) · cites this paper as Bocak et al., 2008

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 49 · Cited by 103

Research works printed but not linked: 53

  1. Alberch P. Ontogenesis and morphological diversification. Am. Zool. 1980;20:653–667. doi:10.1093/icb/20.4.653 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  2. Arthur W. The effect of development on the direction of evolution: toward a twenty-first century consensus. Evol. Dev. 2004;6:282–288. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04033.x. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04033.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  3. Baker R.H, DeSalle R. Multiple sources of molecular characteristics and the phylogeny of Hawaiian drosophilids. Syst. Biol. 1997;46:654–673. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/46.4.654. doi:10.2307/2413499 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  4. Beutel R.G, Bocak L, Bocakova M. Are Polyphaga (Coleoptera) really a basal neopteran lineage: a reply to Kazantsev. Acta Zool. 2007;88:153–158. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00266.x [Google Scholar] · DOI
  5. Bocak L. Review of the genus Scarelus Waterhouse from Sumatra and Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lycidae) Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., Serie A (Biologie) 1995;535:1–10. [Google Scholar]
  6. Bocak L. Pendola, a new lycid genus (Coleoptera, Lycidae) from Australian region. Biologia. 2001;57:557–561. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bocak L, Bocakova M. Revision of the genus Dexoris C. O. Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Lycidae) Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 1988;85:194–204. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bocak L, Bocakova M. New tribe Lyropaeini, with a description of a new species of Lyropaeus (Coleoptera, Lycidae) Polskie Pismo Entomol. 1989;58:717–723. [Google Scholar]
  9. Bocak L, Bocakova M. Revision of the supergeneric classification of the family Lycidae (Coleoptera) Polskie Pismo Entomol. 1990;59:623–676. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bocak L, Matsuda K. Review of immature stages of the family Lycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) J. Nat. Hist. 2003;37:1463–1507. doi:10.1080/00222930210125362 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  11. Bocakova M. Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Calopterini (Coleoptera, Lycidae) Insect Syst. Evol. 2005;35:437–447. [Google Scholar]
  12. Bocakova M. Review of the tribe Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) Eur. J. Entomol. 2006;103:127–136. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bocakova M, Bocak L. New Lycidae from Peninsular Malaysia. Entomol. Basilensia. 1999;21:105–109. [Google Scholar]
  14. Bocakova M, Bocak L, Hunt T, Teraväinen M, Vogler A.P. Molecular phylogenetics of Elateriformia (Coleoptera): evolution of bioluminescence and neoteny. Cladistics. 2007;23:477–496. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00164.x [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  15. Bonett R.M, Chippindale P.T. Streambed microstructure predicts evolution of development and life history in the plethodontid salamander Eurycea tynerensis. BMC Biol. 2006;4:6. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-4-6. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-6 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  16. Cicero J.M. Ontophylogenetics of cantharoid larviforms (Coleoptera: Cantharoidea) Coleopt. Bull. 1988;42:105–151. [Google Scholar]
  17. Crowson R.A. A review of the classification of Cantharoidea (Coleoptera), with the definition of two new families: Cneoglossidae and Omethidae. Rev. Univ. Madrid. 1972;21:35–71. [Google Scholar]
  18. Crowson R.A. Academic Press; London, UK: 1981. The biology of Coleoptera. [Google Scholar]
  19. Davies T.J, Barraclough T.G, Chase M.W, Soltis S.P, Soltis D.E, Savolainen V. Darwin's abominable mystery: insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101:1904–1909. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308127100. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308127100 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  20. De Cock R, Matthysen E. Glow-worm larvae bioluminiscence (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) operates as an aposematic signal upon toads (Bufo bufo) Behav. Ecol. 2003;14:103–108. doi:10.1093/beheco/14.1.103 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  21. Denoel M, Hervant F, Schabetsberger R, Joly P. Short- and long term advantages of an alternative ontogenetic pathway. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2002;77:105–112. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00095.x [Google Scholar] · DOI
  22. Giannini N.P, Simmons N.B. A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on the direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Cladistics. 2003;19:496–511. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00385.x. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00385.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  23. Goloboff P.A. Analyzing large data sets in reasonable times: solutions for composite optima. Cladistics. 1999;15:415–428. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00278.x. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00278.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  24. Gould S.J. Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA: 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. [Google Scholar]
  25. Gravely F.H. The larvae and pupae of some beetles from Cochin. Rec. Ind. Mus. 1915;11:353–366. [Google Scholar]
  26. Heaney L.R. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in southeast Asia. Clim. Change. 1991;19:53–61. doi:10.1007/BF00142213 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  27. Higgins D.G, Thompson J.D, Gibson T.J. Using Clustal for multiple sequence alignments. Methods Enzymol. 1996;266:383–402. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)66024-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  28. Hunt T, et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science. 2007;318:1913–1916. doi: 10.1126/science.1146954. doi:10.1126/science.1146954 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  29. Jablonski D. Micro- and macroevolution: scale and hierarchy in evolutionary biology and paleobiology. Paleobiology. 2000;26(Suppl.):15–52. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)26[15:MAMSAH]2.0.CO;2 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  30. Jablonski D, Roy K. Geographical range and speciation in fossil and living molluscs. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2003;270:401–406. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2243. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2243 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  31. Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. Mafft: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059–3066. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkf436. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf436 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  32. Kazantsev S.V. Alyculus, new genus, first brachypterous male lycid (Insecta: Coleoptera) Raffles Bull. Zool. 1999;47:251–255. [Google Scholar]
  33. Kazantsev S.V. A generic review of Duliticolinae, new subfamily (Coleoptera, Lycidae) Elytron. 2002;16:5–21. [Google Scholar]
  34. Kazantsev S.V. Morphology of Lycidae with some considerations on evolution of the Coleoptera. Elytron. 2005;19:49–226. [Google Scholar]
  35. Lawrence, J. F. 1982 Coleoptera. In Synopsis and classification of living organisms, vol. 2 (ed. S. P. Parker), pp. 482–553. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  36. Linsley E.G, Eisner T, Klots A.B. Mimetic assemblages of sibling species of lycid beetles. Evolution. 1961;15:15–29. doi:10.2307/2405840 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  37. Mickevich M.F, Farris J.S. The implications of congruence in Menidia. Syst. Zool. 1981;30:351–370. doi:10.2307/2413255 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  38. Miller, R. S. 1991 A revision of the Leptolycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with a discussion of paedomorphosis. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
  39. Moore B.P, Brown W.V. Identification of warning odour components, bitter principles and antifeedants in an aposematic beetle: Metriorrhynchus rhipidium (Coleoptera: Lycidae) Insect Biochem. 1981;15:493–499. doi:10.1016/0020-1790(81)90016-0 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  40. Nijhout H.F. Princenton University Press; Princeton, NJ: 1994. Insect hormones. [Google Scholar]
  41. Posada D, Crandall K.A. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics. 1998;14:817–818. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  42. Ray N, Adams J.M. A GIS-based vegetation map of the world at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP) Internet Archaeol. 2001;11:2. http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue11/2/1.html [Google Scholar]
  43. Roff D.A. The evolution of flightlessness: is history important? Evol. Ecol. 1994;8:639–657. doi:10.1007/BF01237847 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  44. Shimodaira H, Hasegawa M. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1999;16:1114–1116. [Google Scholar]
  45. Shull V.L, Vogler A.P, Baker M.D, Maddison D.R, Hammond P.M. Sequence alignment of 18S ribosomal RNA and the basal relationships of adephagan beetles: evidence for monophyly of aquatic families and the placement of Trachypachidae. Syst. Biol. 2001;50:945–969. doi: 10.1080/106351501753462894. doi:10.1080/106351501753462894 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  46. Slowinski J.B, Guyer C. Testing whether certain traits have caused amplified diversification: an improved method based on a model of random speciation and extinction. Am. Nat. 1993;142:1019–1024. doi: 10.1086/285586. doi:10.1086/285586 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  47. Tallis J.H. Chapman and Hall; New York, NY: 1991. Plant community history: long-term changes in plant distribution and diversity. [Google Scholar]
  48. Vogler A.P, De Salle R, Assmann T, Knisley C.B, Schultz T.D. Molecular population genetics of the endangered tiger beetle, Cicindela dorsalis (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1993;86:142–152. [Google Scholar]
  49. Wagner D.L, Liebherr J.K. Flightlessness in insects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1992;7:216–220. doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90047-F. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(92)90047-F [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  50. Wheeler W.C. Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Syst. Biol. 1995;44:321–331. doi:10.2307/2413595 [Google Scholar] · DOI
  51. Wheeler W.C. Optimization alignment: the end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics? Cladistics. 1996;12:1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00189.x [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  52. Wong A.T.C. A new species of neotenous beetle, Duliticola hoiseni (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cantharoidea: Lycidae) from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Raffles Bull. Zool. 1996;44:173–187. [Google Scholar]
  53. Wong, A. T. C. 1998 A revision of the neotenous ‘trilobite larvae’ of the genera Duliticola and Platerodrilus (Coleoptera: Cantharoidea: Lycidae). MSc thesis, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.

Authors
Bocak, L., Bocakova, M., Hunt, T., & Vogler, A. P.
Affiliations
  • Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky UniversityTřída Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • Department of Biology, Pedagogical Faculty, Palacky UniversityPurkrabska 2, 771 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • Natural History Museum (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2008-05-13
Volume
275
Issue
1646
Pages
2015-2023
ISSN
  • 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
  • 0962-8452
  • 1471-2954
DOI
10.1098/rspb.2008.0476
PMC
PMC2596372
OpenAlex
W1969188539
Cited by
103
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
5.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Scarabaeidae Beetle Taxonomy and Biogeography
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Keywords
neoteny, Lycidae, macroevolution, developmental changes, K-selected life history, phylogenetic relationships, molecular clock, species richness, dispersal, evolutionary innovation
MeSH terms
Animals, Coleoptera, DNA, Mitochondrial, Biological Evolution, Female, Male, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, RNA, Ribosomal, 28S, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review