The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neural processing of imminent collision in humans
Open accessAbstract
Detecting a looming object and its imminent collision is imperative to survival. For most humans, it is a fundamental aspect of daily activities such as driving, road crossing and participating in sport, yet little is known about how the brain both detects and responds to such stimuli. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess neural response to looming stimuli in comparison with receding stimuli and motion-controlled static stimuli. We demonstrate for the first time that, in the human, the superior colliculus and the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus respond to looming in addition to cortical regions associated with motor preparation. We also implicate the anterior insula in making timing computations for collision events.
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“In line with these findings, preferential activation in response to looming stimuli has been observed in the pulvinar, and putatively located in the medial pulvinar (Billington et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2018).”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Billington et al. 2011
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“In line with this role, SC also has been shown to respond to looming visual stimuli, which have to be recognized as immediately salient for the individual (Billington et al. 2011; Vieira et al. 2020).”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Billington et al. 2011
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Citations
Cites
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657 · cited 1×
“…in making duration judgments (Livesey et al., 2007), error detection (Klein et al., 2007) and interoceptive awareness on a variety of tasks (Craig, 2009). y Our current findings, taken together this research suggests that this cortical region may be particularly attuned to making timing…”
A Theory of Visual Control of Braking Based on Information about Time-to-Collision
Lee, D. N. (1976) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p050437 · Cited by 2,094
Jeurgen, K., Assheuer, J., & Paxinos, G. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,403
The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?
Redgrave, P., Prescott, T. J., & Gurney, K. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00319-4 · Cited by 1,199
VISUALLY CONTROLLED LOCOMOTION AND VISUAL ORIENTATION IN ANIMALS*
Gibson, J. J. (1958) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00656.x · Cited by 825
Human parietal cortex in action
Culham, J. C., & Valyear, K. F. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.005 · Cited by 654
Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum
(1984) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5376-6 · Cited by 478
Persistent Fear Responses in Rhesus Monkeys to the Optical Stimulus of "Looming"
Schiff, W., Caviness, J. A., & Gibson, J. J. (1962) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.136.3520.982 · Cited by 404
Computation of different optical variables of looming objects in pigeon nucleus rotundus neurons
Sun, H., & Frost, B. J. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/1110 · Cited by 394
Neural correlates of error awareness
Klein, T. A., Endraß, T., Kathmann, N., Neumann, J., von Cramon, D. Y., & Ullsperger, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.014 · Cited by 387
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Case study of non-traditional students re-entry into college physics and engineering
Langton, S. G. (2006) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Riskind, J. H., & Rector, N. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8782-5_1
Animacy and the prediction of behaviourPreprint
Schultz, J., & Frith, C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w8x59
Human subcortical pathways automatically detect collision trajectory without attention and awarenessPreprint
Guo, F., Zou, J., Wang, Y., Fang, B., Zhou, H., Wang, D., He, S., & Zhang, P. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527946
“As a key retinorecipient region, the SC and its homologous structure in non-mammals, optic tectum, were found preferentially sensitive to looming stimuli in a number of species (Billington et al., 2011; Shang et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2005).”
Lin, Y.-S., Billington, J., Srinivasan, A. R., Leonetti, M., & Markkula, G. M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h5qwa
Self-citationBayat, M., Malakouti, K., Rasouli, N., Khosrowabadi, R., Riskind, J. H., Moradkhani, S., & Jafadideh, A. T. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2597354
“Billington et al. reported that computation of time to collision for looming stimuli activated middle frontal gyrus (MFG), cingulate gyrus, and anterior insula (Billington et al., 2011).”
Zou, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700036
“Subcortical mechanisms for processing looming information have been found in both animals (Wang and Frost, 1992; Sun and Frost, 1998; Shang et al., 2015; Salay et al., 2018) and humans (Billington et al., 2011; Guo et al., 2024; Thieu et al., 2024).”
Preserved discrimination sensitivity to looming trajectories across parafoveal and peripheral vision
Guo, J., Mao, R., Sun, R., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02932-5
“Accumulating evidence suggests that looming detection depends critically on subcortical circuitry, including the SC and pulvinar, in both animal and human studies (Billington et al., 2011; Cléry et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2025; Wei et al., 2015; Yilmaz & Meister, 2013).”
Super-additive multi-dimensional self-balancing deficit: implication for flight mishaps and falling
Vimal, V. P., DiZio, P. A., Bakshi, A., Pierobon, A., Williams, H. P., & Lackner, J. R. (2026) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07395-7
“…coordination of escaping looming threats, seeking prey, and avoiding environmental barriers (Lee 1976; Hecht et al. 2021; Leblond et al. 2026), as well as their neural bases (Frost and Sun 2004; Billington et al. 2011; Browning 2012; Baurès et al. 2021), for eradicating flight mishaps and falling.”
Zou, J., Wang, Y., Qian, C., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1432
“…activity in the SC is more sensitive to looming than to receding stimuli, both when subjects attended to the stimuli in a time- to-collision (TTC) judgment task ( Billington et al., 2011) and during passive viewing of approaching threatening object ( Clery et al., 2017; Thieu et al., 2024, 2026).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Billington, J., Wilkie, R. M., Field, D. T., & Wann, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wann, John P.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2010-10-27
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 1711
- Pages
- 1476-1481
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC3081747
- OpenAlex
- W2095956597
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/D055342/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- looming stimuli, collision detection, superior colliculus, pulvinar, thalamus, anterior insula, motor preparation, collision timing, threat detection, visual motion perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motion Perception, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Superior Colliculi, Pulvinar
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