The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols
Abstract
We provide an overview of geoengineering by stratospheric sulphate aerosols. The state of understanding about this topic as of early 2008 is reviewed, summarizing the past 30 years of work in the area, highlighting some very recent studies using climate models, and discussing methods used to deliver sulphur species to the stratosphere. The studies reviewed here suggest that sulphate aerosols can counteract the globally averaged temperature increase associated with increasing greenhouse gases, and reduce changes to some other components of the Earth system. There are likely to be remaining regional climate changes after geoengineering, with some regions experiencing significant changes in temperature or precipitation. The aerosols also serve as surfaces for heterogeneous chemistry resulting in increased ozone depletion. The delivery of sulphur species to the stratosphere in a way that will produce particles of the right size is shown to be a complex and potentially very difficult task. Two simple delivery scenarios are explored, but similar exercises will be needed for other suggested delivery mechanisms. While the introduction of the geoengineering source of sulphate aerosol will perturb the sulphur cycle of the stratosphere signicantly, it is a small perturbation to the total (stratosphere and troposphere) sulphur cycle. The geoengineering source would thus be a small contributor to the total global source of ‘acid rain’ that could be compensated for through improved pollution control of anthropogenic tropospheric sources. Some areas of research remain unexplored. Although ozone may be depleted, with a consequent increase to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) energy reaching the surface and a potential impact on health and biological populations, the aerosols will also scatter and attenuate this part of the energy spectrum, and this may compensate the UVB enhancement associated with ozone depletion. The aerosol will also change the ratio of diffuse to direct energy reaching the surface, and this may influence ecosystems. The impact of geoengineering on these components of the Earth system has not yet been studied. Representations for the formation, evolution and removal of aerosol and distribution of particle size are still very crude, and more work will be needed to gain confidence in our understanding of the deliberate production of this class of aerosols and their role in the climate system.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The primary candidate methods for geoengineering are marine cloud brightening [396] (making low-lying clouds more reflective), cirrus thinning [759] (making high-flying clouds trap less heat), and stratospheric aerosol injection [668] (which we discuss below).”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [668]
Citations
Cites
Climate change 2007: the physical science basis
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M. C., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L., & Chen, Z. (2007) · Cited by 23,398
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Schiavon, S., & Zecchin, R. (2007) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 16,994
Volcanic eruptions and climate
Robock, A. (2000) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/1998rg000054 · Cited by 2,806
Self-citationDescription of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0)
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P., Boville, A. E., McCaa, J. R., Williamson, L., Kiehl, J., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Lin, S., Zhang, M., et al. (2004) · doi:10.5065/d63n21ch · Cited by 2,209
Self-citationStratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history
Solomon, S. (1999) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/1999rg900008 · Cited by 2,008
Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?
Crutzen, P. J. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y · Cited by 1,541
The Formulation and Atmospheric Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., Hack, J. J., McCaa, J. R., Williamson, D. L., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Lin, S., & Zhang, M. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3760.1 · Cited by 922
Self-citationSchmidt, G. A., Ruedy, R. A., Hansen, J. E., Aleinov, I., Bell, N., Bauer, M., Bauer, S. E., Cairns, B., Canuto, V. M., Cheng, Y., et al. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3612.1 · Cited by 903
Energy implications of future stabilization of atmospheric CO2 content
Hoffert, M. I., Caldeira, K., Jain, A. K., Haites, E. F., Harvey, L. D. D., Potter, S. D., Schlesinger, M. E., Schneider, S. H., Watts, R. G., Wigley, T. M. L., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27638 · Cited by 694
Response of a Deciduous Forest to the Mount Pinatubo Eruption: Enhanced Photosynthesis
Gu, L., Baldocchi, D., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Michalsky, J., Urbanski, S. P., & Boden, T. A. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1078366 · Cited by 682
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- NAS92 Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming Committee on Science Engineering and Public Policy: policy implications of greenhouse warming: mitigation adaptation and the science base. 1992 Washington DC:National Academy Press.
- 10.1080/00963402.2008.11461140 · DOI
- Seinfeld J.H& Pandis S.N Atmospheric chemistry and physics. 1997 New York NY:Wiley.
- SPARC 2006 Assessment of stratospheric aerosol properties (ASAP). Technical report WCRP-124/WMO/TD-No. 1295/SPARC report no. 4 SPARC Toronto Ontario CA pp. 322.
- Turco R. P. 1995 Global environmental engineering: prospects and pitfalls ch. 7 pp. 93–113. Sudbury MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011
Sutherland, W. J., Bardsley, S., Bennun, L., Clout, M. N., Côté, I. M., Depledge, M. H., Dicks, L. V., Dobson, A. P., Fellman, L., & Fleishman, E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.002 · Cited by 558
The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)
Kravitz, B., Robock, A. D., Boucher, O., Schmidt, H., Taylor, K. E., Stenchikov, G. L., & Schulz, M. (2011) · Atmospheric Science Letters · doi:10.1002/asl.316 · Cited by 468
Self-citationSmith, K. R., Jerrett, M., Anderson, H. R., Burnett, R. T., Stone, V., Derwent, R. G., Atkinson, R. W., Cohen, A., Shonkoff, S. B. C., Krewski, D. R., et al. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61716-5 · Cited by 448
Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change Response Policies
Change, I. P. O. C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415416.008 · Cited by 417
A ‘rare biosphere’ microorganism contributes to sulfate reduction in a peatland
Pester, M., Bittner, N., Deevong, P., Wagner, M., & Loy, A. (2010) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.75 · Cited by 401
Metadata
- Authors
- Rasch, P. J., Tilmes, S., Turco, R. P., Robock, A., Oman, L., Chen, C.-C. (., Stenchikov, G. L., & Garcia, R. R.
- Affiliations
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchPO Box 3000-80307, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
- Corresponding author
- Rasch, Philip J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2008-08-29
- Volume
- 366
- Issue
- 1882
- Pages
- 4007-4037
- ISSN
- 1364-503X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2962
- OpenAlex
- W2118726619
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- solar geoengineering, sulphur cycle, climate change mitigation, global warming, ozone depletion, UV-B radiation, acid rain, aerosol particle size, regional climate impacts, precipitation change
- MeSH terms
- Aerosols, Atmosphere, Climate, Conservation of Natural Resources, Disasters, Engineering, Sulfates, Greenhouse Effect, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
