What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario
Open accessAbstract
The problem of reducing the impacts of rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas on warming temperatures has led to the proposal of using stratospheric aerosols to reflect some of the incoming solar radiation back to space. The deliberate injection of sulfur into the stratosphere to form stratospheric sulfate aerosols, emulating volcanoes, will result in sulfate deposition to the surface. We consider here an extreme sulfate geoengineering scenario necessary to maintain temperatures at 2020 levels while greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow unabated. We show that the amount of stratospheric sulfate needed could be globally balanced by the predicted decrease in tropospheric anthropogenic SO 2 emissions, but the spatial distribution would move from industrialized regions to pristine areas. We show how these changes would affect ecosystems differently depending on present day observations of soil pH, which we use to infer the potential for acid-induced aluminum toxicity across the planet.
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Previous studies on health impacts of SAI due to air quality changes have either relied on more idealized modeling frameworks and/or simplified mortality estimation methods.
“Previous studies have looked into the health impacts of SAI due to air quality changes (Eastham et al., 2018; Visioni et al., 2020; Moch et al., 2023; Harding et al., 2024). These efforts have either relied on more idealized modeling frameworks and/or simplified mortality estimation methods.”
From Air quality impacts of stratospheric aerosol injections are likely small and mainly driven by changes in climate, not aerosol settling (2026) · cites this paper as Visioni et al., 2020
Under SSP2-4.5, the spatial distribution of the dominant PM2.5 species is broadly similar to ARISE-SAI-1.5; SO2 does not generally emerge as the dominant species except in particularly pristine environments or regions that are already extremely polluted.
“Under SSP2-4.5 (not shown), the spatial distribution of the dominant PM2 : 5 species is broadly similar to Fig. 2.; SO2 does not generally emerge as the dominant species except in particularly pristine environments (e.g., high latitudes; (Visioni et al., 2020)) or in regions that are already extremely polluted.”
From Air quality impacts of stratospheric aerosol injections are likely small and mainly driven by changes in climate, not aerosol settling (2026) · cites this paper as Visioni et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Visioni, D., Slessarev, E., MacMartin, D. G., Mahowald, N. M., Goodale, C. L., & Xia, L.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Visioni, Daniele
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-08-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 094063
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3027320064
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- solar geoengineering, stratospheric sulfate aerosols, sulfate deposition, sulfur dioxide emissions, soil acidification, soil pH, aluminum toxicity, ecosystem impacts, climate change mitigation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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