The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Memory Consolidation
Open accessAbstract
Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the hippocampus guides the reorganization of the information stored in the neocortex such that it eventually becomes independent of the hippocampus. Early evidence for systems consolidation was provided by studies of retrograde amnesia, which found that damage to the hippocampus-impaired memories formed in the recent past, but typically spared memories formed in the more remote past. Systems consolidation has been found to occur for both episodic and semantic memories and for both spatial and nonspatial memories, although empirical inconsistencies and theoretical disagreements remain about these issues. Recent work has begun to characterize the neural mechanisms that underlie the dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex (e.g., "neural replay," which occurs during sharp wave ripple activity). New work has also identified variables, such as the amount of preexisting knowledge, that affect the rate of consolidation. The increasing use of molecular genetic tools (e.g., optogenetics) can be expected to further improve understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying consolidation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Humans do not treat every new situation as entirely unfamiliar; instead, they gradually summarize common structure from past episodes and organize it into abstractions through memory consolidation (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire et al., 2015; Dudai et al., 2015; Moscovitch et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2023; Bartlett, 1932).”
From Useful Memories Become Faulty When Continuously Updated by LLMs (2026) · cites this paper as Squire et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive theories of memory describe two complementary processes: a fast episodic system that stores individual experiences, and a slow process that extracts compact schemas -abstractions over many episodes that integrate with prior knowledge to support future generalization (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire et al., 2015; Dudai et al., 2015; Moscovitch et al., 2016).”
From Useful Memories Become Faulty When Continuously Updated by LLMs (2026) · cites this paper as Squire et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We observe that humans' performance steadily improves because each experience is (i) encoded as an episodic trace (Pritzel et al., 2017), (ii) distilled into abstract rules during sleep-dependent consolidation (Squire et al., 2015), (iii) selectively reinforced by dopamine-driven credit assignment (Glimcher, 2011), and (iv) retrieved through case- or analogy-based reasoning when similar problems”
From Memento: Fine-tuning LLM Agents without Fine-tuning LLMs (2025) · cites this paper as Squire et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Human memory relies on complementary learning systems (McClelland et al., 1995), where memory consolidation (Squire et al., 2015) progressively transforms rapid episodic encoding into more stable semantic structures (Cowan et al., 2021).”
From TiMem: Temporal-Hierarchical Memory Consolidation for Long-Horizon Conversational Agents (2026) · cites this paper as Squire et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Human memory relies on complementary learning systems (McClelland et al., 1995), where memory consolidation (Squire et al., 2015) progressively transforms rapid episodic encoding into more stable semantic structures (Cowan et al., 2021).”
From TiMem: Temporal-Hierarchical Memory Consolidation for Long-Horizon Conversational Agents (2026) · cites this paper as Squire et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.
Squire, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.195 · Cited by 5,376
Self-citationMcClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
The hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760
Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep
Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036517 · Cited by 3,118
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021052 · Cited by 2,706
Modality-Specific Retrograde Amnesia of Fear
Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1585183 · Cited by 2,483
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025 · Cited by 2,356
Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002 · Cited by 2,151
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 148 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–706 of 706
Frommann, I., Vogel, S., Jansén, L., Meiberth, D. U., Schild, A., Jessen, F., Zank, S., Schneider, A., McCormick, C., & Wagner, M. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261490478
“70,71 Disruption of this process may result in apparently normal short-term retention but disproportionately impaired long-term retrieval.”
van Teijlingen, T., Postma, A., Biessels, G. J., & Oudman, E. (2026) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2026.2742969
Gutbrod, K., Balzer, C., Heinemann, D., Willmes, K., & Studer, M. (2026) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2026.2749516
How Serious Games Can Support Expertise Development in Software Use
Herman, A. (2026) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3800965.3834668
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and memory processes: mechanistic and behavioral studies
van Goethem, N. P. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150625ng
Metadata
- Authors
- Squire, L. R., Genzel, L., Wixted, J. T., & Morris, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- a021766
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4526749
- OpenAlex
- W4247532959
- Cited by
- 700
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- U.S. Public Health Service (24600)
- National Institute of Mental Health (24600, Grant 24600)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, systems consolidation, hippocampus, neocortex, retrograde amnesia, episodic memory, semantic memory, spatial memory, neural replay, sharp-wave ripples, optogenetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Neocortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
