The uncertainty principle
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Robertson generalized relation (2) to classical observables A and B, i.e. functions of canonically conjugate coordinates and momenta, for pure quantum states.
“A generalization of relation (2) to the case of 'classical' observables A and B , i.e., some functions of the canonically conjugate coordinates and momenta, was made by Robertson [5] (for pure quantum states):”
From Uncertainty relations: a small zoo of remarkable inequalities discovered since 1927 (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Robertson gave the same inequality (4) in a different but equivalent form.
“The same inequality (4) was given by Robertson [8], but he wrote the right-hand side in a different form, which is equivalent to G 2 AB ≡ ∣ ∣ ∣ 〈 ( δ ˆ A )( δ ˆ B ) 〉∣ ∣ ∣ 2 .”
From Uncertainty relations: a small zoo of remarkable inequalities discovered since 1927 (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Bohr and Robertson placed the position-momentum uncertainty relation on solid grounds.
“While the uncertainty relation for position and momentum was quickly put on solid grounds by Bohr [4] and Robertson [5]”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Cites
Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik
Guth, E. (1929) · Monatshefte für Mathematik · doi:10.1007/bf02307700 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
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The Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
BALLENTINE, L. E. (1970) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.42.358 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Fringe Visibility and Which-Way Information: An Inequality
Englert, B.-G. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.2154 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Continuous Variable Quantum Information: Gaussian States and Beyond
Adesso, G., Ragy, S., & Lee, A. R. (2014) · Open Systems & Information Dynamics · doi:10.1142/s1230161214400010 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control
Deffner, S., & Campbell, S. (2017) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aa86c6 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Quantum-enhanced measurements without entanglement
Braun, D., Adesso, G., Benatti, F., Floreanini, R., Marzolino, U., Mitchell, M. W., & Pirandola, S. (2018) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.90.035006 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits
Pires, D. P., Cianciaruso, M., Céleri, L. C., Adesso, G., & Soares-Pinto, D. O. (2016) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.6.021031 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Energy–time uncertainty relation for driven quantum systems
Deffner, S., & Lutz, E. (2013) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/33/335302 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Universal Uncertainty Relations
Friedland, S., Gheorghiu, V., & Gour, G. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.230401 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Communication and the emergence of collective behavior in living organisms: a quantum approach
Bischof, M., & Del Giudice, E. (2013) · Molecular Biology International · doi:10.1155/2013/987549 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Uncertainty relation revisited from quantum estimation theory
Watanabe, Y., Sagawa, T., & Ueda, M. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.042121 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Quantum theory and determinism
Vaidman, L. (2014) · Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations · doi:10.1007/s40509-014-0008-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Acoustic signals of animals: recording, field measurements, analysis and description
Gerhardt, H. C. (1998) · Animal Acoustic Communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76220-8_1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Functional brain abnormalities in major depressive disorder using the Hilbert-Huang transform
Yu, H., Li, F., Wu, T., Li, R., Yao, L., Wang, C., & Wu, X. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-017-9816-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Uncertainty relations: a small zoo of remarkable inequalities discovered since 1927
Dodonov, V. V. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física · doi:10.1590/1806-9126-rbef-2025-0252 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Robertson, H. P.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robertson, H. P.
- Venue
- Physical Review
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1929-07-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 163-164
- ISSN
- 0031-899X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042601507
- Cited by
- 1,877
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Mathematical Physics › Spectral Theory in Mathematical Physics
- Keywords
- uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics
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