The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 28 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits
Open accessAbstract
We introduce a single-number metric, quantum volume, that can be measured using a concrete protocol on near-term quantum computers of modest size ($n\ensuremath{\lesssim}50$), and measure it on several state-of-the-art transmon devices, finding values as high as 16. The quantum volume is linked to system error rates, and is empirically reduced by uncontrolled interactions within the system. It quantifies the largest random circuit of equal width and depth that the computer successfully implements. Quantum computing systems with high-fidelity operations, high connectivity, large calibrated gate sets, and circuit rewriting toolchains are expected to have higher quantum volumes. The quantum volume is a pragmatic way to measure and compare progress toward improved system-wide gate error rates for near-term quantum computation and error-correction experiments.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper introduces quantum volume, a single-number metric measured by random model circuits of equal width and depth using heavy output generation, and reports measurements on IBM Q transmon devices with values as high as 16. It links quantum volume to system error rates, connectivity, and circuit optimization, and provides simulations for how it scales with two-qubit error and coupling map.
Key findings
- Quantum volume is defined as \(V_Q = 2^{\min(d,m)}\), measuring the largest square-shaped model circuit a quantum computer successfully implements; measured values reach as high as 16 (\(\log_2 V_Q = 4\)). On the tested devices, \(\log_2 V_Q = 3\) for Tokyo, \(\log_2 V_Q = 2\) for Tenerife, and \(\log_2 V_Q < 2\) for Melbourne.
- Heavy output probabilities for \(m=d\) circuits include Tokyo \(m=d=2\): 0.718(0.006), \(m=d=3\): 0.682(0.002)*, \(m=d=4\): 0.614(0.003); Johannesburg \(m=d=4\): 0.664(0.004), and optimized \(m=d=4\): 0.699(0.001), against the 2/3 threshold.
- Circuit optimization improves performance: standard Qiskit Terra transpiler produced 28.1 CX gates on average with \(\hat h_d = 0.614(0.003)\); KAK reduced this to 21.0 CX gates with \(\hat h_d = 0.632(0.005)\); approximate SU(4) with 1% CX error used 17.7 CX gates and achieved \(\hat h_d = 0.649(0.005)\). Noisy depolarizing simulations substantially over-estimated experimental performance.
- Connectivity simulations show all-to-all connectivity has an advantage: for \(\log_2 V_Q = 12\), the maximum permissible two-qubit error was 0.0032 for all-to-all, 0.0015 for square grid, and 0.0014 for loop. Measurement error reduces permissible two-qubit error for square grid at \(\log_2 V_Q = 12\) from 0.0015 at 0% to 0.00125 at 1% and 0.0002 at 5%.
Methods
- The protocol uses random model circuits of width \(m\) and depth \(d\), built from layers of random permutations and Haar-random SU(4) two-qubit gates, compiled to the target device’s gate set. Success is evaluated via the heavy output generation problem, requiring heavy output probability \(h_d > 2/3\), with quantum volume defined as \(V_Q = 2^{\min(d,m)}\).
- Experiments were run on four IBM Q devices: 5-qubit Tenerife, 16-qubit Melbourne, 20-qubit Tokyo, and 20-qubit Johannesburg. For each \(m\), 200 circuits were run for \(d=m\) with \(m \in \{2,3,4\}\); repeats used 5000 circuits for \(m=2\) on Tenerife and \(m=3\) on Tokyo, and 1000 circuits for optimized Johannesburg experiments. Results were compared with depolarizing noise simulations.
- Simulations of all-to-all, square-grid, and loop coupling maps up to 12 qubits estimated the two-qubit gate error required for \(\log_2 V_Q = 4, 6, 8, 12\), assuming single-qubit error equal to \(\epsilon/10\) and measurement errors of 0%, 1%, and 5% for the square grid.
Limitations
- The paper states that noisy simulations substantially over-estimate performance, that classical computation of the heavy set scales exponentially with \(m\), and that for error rates as low as \(10^{-4}\) model circuits may still be small enough to simulate classically; lower error rates may require new or modified volume metrics. It also notes that the LOCO optimization did not significantly improve heavy output generation for small numbers of qubits, and that connectivity comparisons involve small total qubit numbers, with asymptotic loop-versus-grid differences potentially larger.
- Evident from the text: experimental validation is limited to four IBM Q transmon devices and small square circuits up to \(m=d=4\) (with \(m=d=5\) on Johannesburg), so larger-device and architecture conclusions rely on simulations. Device error rates were measured one day before the experiments and can fluctuate during the experiment timescale.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantum volume is linked to system error rates, and is empirically reduced by uncontrolled interactions within the system.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that the noisy simulation substantially over-estimates the performance, highlighting the value of system-level metrics such as quantum volume.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the standard Qiskit Terra transpiler [ ? ] produces circuits with 28 CX gates on average, and we measure ˆ h d = 0 . 614(0 . 003); KAK reduces the average number of CX gates to 21 and produces ˆ h d = 0 . 632(0 . 005).”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the standard Qiskit Terra transpiler [ ? ] produces circuits with 28 CX gates on average, and we measure ˆ h d = 0 . 614(0 . 003); KAK reduces the average number of CX gates to 21 and produces ˆ h d = 0 . 632(0 . 005).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the standard Qiskit Terra transpiler [ ? ] produces circuits with 28 CX gates on average, and we measure ˆ h d = 0 . 614(0 . 003); KAK reduces the average number of CX gates to 21 and produces ˆ h d = 0 . 632(0 . 005).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The approximate SU(4) circuits introduce further gains with the best result of ˆ h d = 0 . 649(0 . 005) achieved using circuits with a 1% CX error approximation.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the case m = d = 4 the results lie just below the threshold of ˆ h d = 2 / 3, and optimizing the circuits with both the KAK decomposition and the approximate SU(4) with 1% CX error yields ˆ h d = 0 . 699(0 . 001).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from Table III that all-to-all connectivity provides an advantage over the less-connected graph; log 2 V Q of 12 is achievable with twice the two-qubit error rate (0.0032) of the square grid (0.0015) and the 12-qubit loop (0.0014).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from Table III that all-to-all connectivity provides an advantage over the less-connected graph; log 2 V Q of 12 is achievable with twice the two-qubit error rate (0.0032) of the square grid (0.0015) and the 12-qubit loop (0.0014).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the standard Qiskit Terra transpiler [ ? ] produces circuits with 28 CX gates on average, and we measure ˆ h d = 0 . 614(0 . 003); KAK reduces the average number of CX gates to 21 and produces ˆ h d = 0 . 632(0 . 005).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This device has the lowest gate error rates of all the devices measured, with single qubit gate errors a factor of four smaller and two qubit gate errors nearly half than those measured on Tokyo .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, there is little difference between the required two-qubit error rate for the square grid versus the loop graphs; the error rate for the loop is less than 7% lower than that of the square grid for the 12-qubit case.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2-basis gate approximations perform surprisingly well, with the median fidelities F (2) avg = 0 . 99, F (2 m ) avg = 0 . 997 comparing favorably to the typical 2-qubit gate fidelities for current quantum devices.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For F b = 0 . 97 we get F e = 0 . 976, F ( m ) e = 0 . 978, reducing the infidelity by factors of 0.82 and 0.74 respectively.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With a fairly noisy basis gate F b = 0 . 97 and no mirroring, the best expansion by this method has 3 applications of the basis for 22%, two applications for 76%, one application for 2%, and zero applications for < 0 . 1% of targets, thus an average of 2.2 basis gate applications.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the freedom to mirror, three applications for 3%, two applications for 93%, one application for 4%, and zero applications for < 0 . 1% of targets, thus a mean of 2.0 basis gate applications.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this optimization did not lead to significant improvements for heavy output generation using small numbers of qubits, we expect SWAP optimizations such as these to further improve results for larger circuits mapped onto devices with limited connectivity.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, we introduced an approximate method for NISQ devices, and used it to show experimental improvements.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We implemented various circuit optimization passes (far from optimal) and showed a measurable change in the experimental performance.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, circuits with a similar form appear in near-term algorithms like quantum adiabatic optimization algorithms [17] and variational quantum eigensolvers [18].”
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, random circuits model generic state preparations, and are used as the basis of proposals for demonstrating quantum advantage [16].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Clever partitioning of circuits can achieve good parallelism and efficient use of distributed memory resources for particular supercomputer architectures [21-27].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Z.-Y. Chen, Q. Zhou, C. Xue, X. Yang, G.-C. Guo, and G.-P. Guo, Science Bulletin 63 , 964 (2018), arXiv: 1802.06952. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] J. Chen, F. Zhang, C. Huang, M. Newman, and Y. Shi, arXiv:1805.01450 [quant-ph] (2018), arXiv: 1805.01450. source
- Not checked yetcites [23] R. Li, B. Wu, M. Ying, X. Sun, and G. Yang, arXiv:1804.04797 [quant-ph] (2018), arXiv: 1804.04797. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] E. Pednault, J. A. Gunnels, G. Nannicini, L. Horesh, T. Magerlein, E. Solomonik, and R. Wisnieff, arXiv:1710.05867 [quant-ph] (2017), arXiv: 1710.05867. source
- Not checked yetcites [25] S. Boixo, S. V. Isakov, V. N. Smelyanskiy, and H. Neven, arXiv:1712.05384 [quant-ph] (2017), arXiv: 1712.05384.
- Not checked yetcites [26] T. H¨ aner, D. S. Steiger, M. Smelyanskiy, and M. Troyer, arXiv:1604.06460 [quant-ph] (2016), arXiv: 1604.06460.
- Not checked yetcites [27] M. Smelyanskiy, N. P. D. Sawaya, and A. Aspuru-Guzik, arXiv:1601.07195 [quant-ph] (2016), arXiv: 1601.07195. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A straightforward wave-vector propagation approach requires exponential space and time ∼ 2 m .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This definition differs from [13, 14] and loosely coincides with the complexity of classically simulating the model circuits.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 'Feynman' algorithm uses linear space ∼ dm but exponential time ∼ 4 dm .”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantum algorithms are generally not random circuits.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is possible to trade off time and space complexity in a smooth way [19].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] S. Aaronson and L. Chen, arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.05903 (2016).
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-fidelity state preparation and readout are also necessary.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantum computing systems with high-fidelity operations, high connectivity, large calibrated gate sets, and circuit rewriting toolchains are expected to have higher quantum volumes.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Particular efforts for circuit partitioning and parallelism have been expended for circuits defined on a 2-dimensional square grid of qubits, where the state-of-the-art is d = 40 for a 9 × 9 grid [22].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] J. Chen, F. Zhang, C. Huang, M. Newman, and Y. Shi, arXiv:1805.01450 [quant-ph] (2018), arXiv: 1805.01450. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is well-known that quantum algorithms can be expressed as polynomial-sized quantum circuits built from two-qubit unitary gates [15].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we focus on transmon devices, the protocol can be implemented with any universal programmable quantum computing device.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For U b ∼ CNOT ∼ U d ( π/ 4 , 0 , 0) it is well-known [43, 44] that 3 applications of the basis is sufficient to cover all of SU(4).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] F. Vatan and C. Williams, Physical Review A 69 , 032315 (2004).
- Not checked yetcites [44] G. Vidal and C. M. Dawson, Physical Review A 69 , 010301 (2004).
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we heuristically bound the treewidth of the model circuits as min( d, m ), and since the simulation complexity grows exponentially with the treewidth, we define the quantum volume as V Q = 2 min( d,m ) .”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we instead require a minimum of n c = 100 circuits and make a normal approximation to the binomial”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This reordering is efficient, having a runtime that is linear in the number of nonzero matrix elements [39].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] W. M. Chan and A. George, BIT 20 , 8 (1980).
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typical trapped-ion systems have both two-qubit gate errors and measurement errors less than 0.01, which based on Table III should be sufficient to achieve log 2 V Q = 6 if not higher.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, we can infer that for superconducting devices, coupling maps with more connectivity should produce higher quantum volume, but only if additional coupling does not also introduce larger errors.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although all operations must improve to increase the quantum volume, the first path is to prioritize improving the gate fidelity above other operations, such as measurement and initialization.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be confident with a finite number of trials that the heavy probability h d exceeds 2 / 3, we should set stricter threshold t > 2 / 3, requiring the estimated heavy probability ˆ h d > t to claim success.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This relatively small difference is due to the small total number of qubits, since there is a significant asymptotic difference between loop and grid layouts.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This metric takes into account all relevant hardware parameters. This includes the performance parameters (coherence, calibration errors, crosstalk, spectator errors, gate fidelity, measurement fidelity, initialization fidelity) as well as the design parameters such as connectivity and gate set. It also includes the software behind the circuit optimization.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Zhang et al. [45] give decompositions using a more general 'super controlled' basis U b ∼ U d ( π/ 4 , β b , 0), for any β b , both an expansion with 3 applications of U b to decompose an arbitrary U t ∼ U d ( α t , β t , γ t ) and also an expansion using two applications of U b for a restricted target unitary U t ∼ U d ( α t , β t , 0), γ t = 0 for any α t , β t .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Y.-S. Zhang, M.-Y. Ye, and G.-C. Guo, Physical Review A 71 , 062331 (2005).
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the quantum volume is architecture-independent, and can be applied to any system that is capable of running quantum circuits.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The IBM Q systems used in this paper accept quantum circuits expressed by products of controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates and single-qubit gates [36].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] A. W. Cross, L. Bishop, J. Smolin, and J. M. Gambetta, arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.03429 (2017).
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The approximation of achievable model circuit depth assumes independent stochastic errors.
“We approximate the achievable model circuit depth ˜ d ( m ) by assuming independent stochastic errors, so that the computation fails with high probability when the model circuit volume (width times depth) satisfies”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In simulations for Table III, the single-qubit gate error is equal to ε/10.
“assuming the single-qubit gate error is equal to ϵ/ 10 (Table III).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the Table III estimates, measurements are perfect.
“The estimates are based on simulations using a depolarizing noise model with two-qubit error ϵ as given, single-qubit error equal to ϵ/ 10, and perfect measurements.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Besides, these metrics all involve certain randomness due to synthetically generated inputs or circuits, which do not necessarily share the properties of real quantum workloads.”
From QASMBench: A Low-Level Quantum Benchmark Suite for NISQ Evaluation and Simulation (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cross etal. tried to validate the quantum computers using randomized model circuits andhave attempted to introduce a method for NISQ [54].”
From Quantum Computing in the Next-Generation Computational Biology Landscape: From Protein Folding to Molecular Dynamics (2024) · cites this paper as [54]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regarding QC metrics, Cross et al. deined the quantum volume protocol which quantiied the largest random circuit of equal width and depth that a NISQ device can successfully implement [28], taking gate and measurement error into consideration.”
From QASMBench: A Low-Level Quantum Benchmark Suite for NISQ Evaluation and Simulation (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Nielsen, M. A., Chuang, I., & Grover, L. K. (2002) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.1463744 · Cited by 21,895
Quantum computation and quantum information
Law, J. (2001) · ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes · doi:10.1145/505482.505499 · Cited by 20,450
Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond
Preskill, J. (2018) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 · Cited by 8,830
The theory of variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms
McClean, J. R., Romero, J., Babbush, R., & Aspuru-Guzik, A. (2016) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023023 · Cited by 2,227
Computer Solution of Large Sparse Positive Definite Systems.
Pasciak, J. E., George, A. D., & Liu, J. W. (1982) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.2307/2007640 · Cited by 1,883
Reducing the bandwidth of sparse symmetric matrices
Cuthill, E., & McKee, J. (1969) · doi:10.1145/800195.805928 · Cited by 1,472
Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices
Boixo, S., Isakov, S. V., Smelyanskiy, V. N., Babbush, R., Ding, N., Jiang, Z., Bremner, M. J., Martinis, J. M., & Neven, H. (2018) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x · Cited by 1,175
14-Qubit Entanglement: Creation and Coherence
Monz, T., Schindler, P., Barreiro, J. T., Chwalla, M., Nigg, D., Coish, W. A., Harlander, M., Hänsel, W., Hennrich, M., & Blatt, R. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.130506 · Cited by 1,110
General teleportation channel, singlet fraction, and quasidistillation
Horodecki, M., Horodecki, P., & Horodecki, R. (1999) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.60.1888 · Cited by 965
Řeháček, J., F., A. S., & RICCI, M. (2004) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/b98673 · Cited by 836
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- S. Aaronson, 2017, Proceedings of the 32nd Computational Complexity Conference (CCC '17)
- T. Häner, 2016, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '16)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 701
Accelerating Simulation of Quantum Circuits under Noise via Computational Reuse
Wang, M., Tannu, S., & Nair, P. J. (2025) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings · doi:10.1145/3695053.3730992 · Cited by 9
Exploration of superconducting multi-mode cavity architectures for quantum computing
Reineri, A., Zorzetti, S., Roy, T., & You, X. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00152 · Cited by 5
Majorization-based benchmark of the complexity of quantum processors
Tacla, A. B., O'Neill, N. M., Carlo, G. G., de Melo, F., & Vallejos, R. O. (2024) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-024-04457-z · Cited by 8
QuAS: Quantum Application Score for Benchmarking the Utility of Quantum Computers
Mesman, K. J., van der Schoot, W., Möller, M., & Neumann, N. M. P. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00111 · Cited by 5
A New Error-Modeling of Hardy’s Paradox for Superconducting Qubits and Its Experimental Verification
Das, S., & Paul, G. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing · doi:10.1145/3396239 · Cited by 5
Single-Qubit Cross Platform Comparison of Quantum Computing Hardware
Suau, A., Nelson, J., Vuffray, M., Lokhov, A. Y., Cincio, Ł., & Coffrin, C. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00155 · Cited by 6
Benchmarking and Analysis of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Trapped Ion Quantum Computing Architectures
Kurlej, A., Alterman, S., & Obenland, K. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00044 · Cited by 5
Evaluating three levels of quantum metrics on quantum-inspire hardware
van der Schoot, W., Wezeman, R. S., Eendebak, P. T., Neumann, N. M. P., & Phillipson, F. (2023) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-023-04184-x · Cited by 5
Construction and volumetric benchmarking of quantum computing noise models
Weber, T., Borras, K., Jansen, K., Krücker, D., & Riebisch, M. (2024) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ad406c · Cited by 8
Extending the Q-Score to an Application-Level Quantum Metric Framework
van der Schoot, W., Wezeman, R. S., Neumann, N. M. P., Phillipson, F., & Kooij, R. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00113 · Cited by 17
S-QGPU: Shared quantum gate processing unit for distributed quantum computing
Du, S., Ding, Y., & Qiao, C. (2025) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0241972 · Cited by 5
Benchmarking quantum processors with a single qubit
Göktaş, O., Tham, W. K., Bonsma-Fisher, K., & Brodutch, A. (2020) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-020-02642-4 · Cited by 6
qATG: Automatic Test Generation for Quantum Circuits
Wu, C.-H., Hsieh, C.-Y., Li, J., & Li, J. C.-M. (2020) · IEEE International Test Conference (ITC) · doi:10.1109/itc44778.2020.9325228 · Cited by 5
Pinpointing the System Reliability Degradation in NISQ Machines
Baheri, B., Xu, Z., Chaudhary, V., Mao, Y., Fang, B., Xu, S., & Guan, Q. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00087 · Cited by 5
Quantencomputing als Basistechnologie für den nächsten Konjunkturzyklus
Fasnacht, D., & Straube, C. (2023) · HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik · doi:10.1365/s40702-023-00969-x · Cited by 5
SlackQ : Approaching the Qubit Mapping Problem with A Slack-aware Swap Insertion SchemePreprint
Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Jin, Y., Ahn, W., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, E. Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.02346 · Cited by 4
Exploring a Double Full-Stack Communications-Enabled Architecture for Multi-Core Quantum ComputersPreprint
Rodrigo, S., Abadal, S., Alarcón, E., & Almudéver, C. G. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.08186 · Cited by 9
Exploring Information for Quantum Machine Learning Models
Telahun, M. (2020) · doi:10.18297/etd/3433 · Cited by 6
Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: A perspective
Wendin, G. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90800-9.00226-2 · Cited by 13
AppQSim: Application-oriented benchmarks for Hamiltonian simulation on a quantum computer
Granet, E., & Dreyer, H. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/qt55-7d6r · Cited by 9
A Substrate Scheduler for Compiling Arbitrary Fault-Tolerant Graph States
Liu, S., Benchasattabuse, N., Morgan, D. Q., Hajdušek, M., Devitt, S. J., & Meter, R. V. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00101 · Cited by 4
Quantum Hardware Roofline: Evaluating the Impact of Gate Expressivity on Quantum Processor Design
Kalloor, J., Weiden, M., Younis, E., Kubiatowicz, J. D., Jong, B. D., & Iancu, C. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00100 · Cited by 9
Gate-based circuit designs for quantum adder-inspired quantum random walks on superconducting qubits
Koch, D., Samodurov, M., Projansky, A. M., & Alsing, P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Quantum Information · doi:10.1142/s021974992150043x · Cited by 7
Non-Hermitian ground-state-searching algorithm enhanced by a variational toolbox
Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Hsieh, C., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.042418 · Cited by 8
Diagnosis of Quantum Circuits in the NISQ Era
Li, Y., Hsieh, C.-Y., Li, Y.-W., & Li, J. C.-M. (2023) · IEEE VLSI Test Symposium (VTS) · doi:10.1109/vts56346.2023.10140030 · Cited by 4
MIRAGE: Quantum Circuit Decomposition and Routing Collaborative Design Using Mirror Gates
McKinney, E., Hatridge, M., & Jones, A. K. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) · doi:10.1109/hpca57654.2024.00060 · Cited by 8
ArtA: automating Design Space Exploration of spin-qubit architectures
Paraskevopoulos, N., Hamel, D., Sarkar, A., Almudéver, C. G., & Feld, S. (2025) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-025-04759-w · Cited by 4
Non-variational quantum random access optimization with alternating operator ansatz
He, Z., Raymond, R., Shaydulin, R., & Pistoia, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13543-w · Cited by 4
Escofet, P., Das, A., Rached, S. B., Rodrigo, S., Domingo, J., Sebastiano, F., Babaie, M., Keskin, B., Edoardo Charbon, A., Bolívar, P. H., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00110 · Cited by 9
Timetronics: From temporal printed circuit board to quantum computer
Giergiel, K., Hannaford, P., & Sacha, K. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/sk9x-d3dz · Cited by 4
A Quantum Circuit Optimization Framework Based on Pattern Matching
Chen, M., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2021) · SPIN · doi:10.1142/s2010324721400087 · Cited by 4
Testing quantum computers with the protocol of quantum state matching
Ortega, A., Kálmán, O., & Kiss, T. (2023) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/acb2ff · Cited by 5
Digital quantum simulation of quantum gravitational entanglement with IBM quantum computers
Sabín, C. (2023) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00161-6 · Cited by 4
Generation of Pseudo-Random Quantum States on Actual Quantum Processors
Cenedese, G., Bondani, M., Rosa, D., & Benenti, G. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25040607 · Cited by 8
Sequence of penalties method to study excited states using VQE
Carobene, R., Barison, S., & Giachero, A. (2023) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/acd1a9 · Cited by 4
TAQOS: A Benchmark Protocol for Quantum Optimization Systems
Gilbert, V., Louise, S., & Sirdey, R. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36030-5_13 · Cited by 4
A doubly stochastic matrices-based approach to optimal qubit routing
Mariella, N., & Zhuk, S. M. (2023) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-023-04023-z · Cited by 4
Analysis of a Programmable Quantum Annealer as a Random Number Generator
Pelofske, E. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3364054 · Cited by 4
Characterizing the Inter-Core Qubit Traffic in Large-Scale Quantum Modular Architectures
Rached, S. B., Agudo, I. L., Rodrigo, S., Bandić, M., García-Sáez, A., Feld, S., van Someren, H., Alarcón, E., Almudéver, C. G., & Abadal, S. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583218 · Cited by 6
Methods for classically simulating noisy networked quantum architectures
Vankov, I., Mills, D., Wallden, P., & Kashefi, E. (2019) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab54a4 · Cited by 4
ArsoNISQ: Analyzing Quantum Algorithms on Near-Term Architectures
Brandhofer, S., Devitt, S. J., & Polian, I. (2021) · IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS) · doi:10.1109/ets50041.2021.9465414 · Cited by 4
A system design approach toward integrated cryogenic quantum control systems
Prathapan, M., Müeller, P. R., Heim, D., Oropallo, M. V., Brändli, M., Francese, P. A., Kossel, M., Ruffino, A., Zota, C. B., Cha, E., et al. (2022) · IEEE Workshop on Low Temperature Electronics (WOLTE) · doi:10.1109/wolte55422.2022.9882790 · Cited by 4
DeBenedictis, E. P. (2020) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2019.2958446 · Cited by 4
The Future of Computing: Bits + Neurons + QubitsPreprint
Gil, D., & Green, W. M. J. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.08446 · Cited by 4
Advanced quantum supremacy using a hybrid algorithm for linear systems of equationsPreprint
Perelshtein, M. R., Pakhomchik, A. I., Melnikov, A. A., Novikov, A., Glatz, A., Paraoanu, G. S., Vinokur, V. M., & Lesovik, G. B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 4
Canonical Construction of Quantum OraclesPreprint
Gilliam, A., Pistoia, M., & Gonciulea, C. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.10656 · Cited by 4
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native two-qubit gatePreprint
Huang, C., Ding, D., Wu, F., Kong, L., Zhang, F., Ni, X., Shi, Y., Zhao, H., & Chen, J. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 4
Alexeev, Y., Amsler, M., Baity, P., Barroca, M. A., Bassini, S., Battelle, T., Camps, D., Casanova, D., Choi, Y. J., Chong, F. T., et al. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.09733 · Cited by 4
A Benchmarking Framework for Hybrid Quantum–Classical Edge-Cloud Computing Systems
Yao, G., & Gupta, L. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app151810245 · Cited by 3
Probabilistic tensor optimization of quantum circuits for the max−k−cut problem
Paradezhenko, G. V., Pervishko, A. A., & Yudin, D. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.012436 · Cited by 3
Clifford Circuit-Based Heuristic Optimization of Fermion-To-Qubit Mappings
Yu, J., Liu, Y., Sugiura, S., Voorhis, T. V., & Zeytinoǧlu, S. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00794 · Cited by 3
LuGo: An enhanced quantum phase estimation implementation
Lu, C., Meena, M. G., & Gottiparthi, K. C. (2025) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108270 · Cited by 3
Resource-Efficient Cross-Platform Verification with Modular Superconducting Devices
Dalton, K., Knörzer, J., Hoehne, F., Song, Y., Flasby, A., Zanuz, D. C., Panah, M. B., Besedin, I. S., Besse, J.-C., & Wallraff, A. J. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/czph-xpzs · Cited by 5
Quantum computing for automotive applications
Riofrío, C. A., Klepsch, J., Finžgar, J. R., Kiwit, F. J., Hölscher, L., Erdmann, M., Müller, L., Kumar, C., Berrada, Y. A., & Luckow, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-330259-6.00020-7 · Cited by 10
Quantum computing hardware in the cloud: Should a computational chemist care?
Rossi, A., Baity, P. G., Schäfer, V. M., & Weides, M. (2021) · International Journal of Quantum Chemistry · doi:10.1002/qua.26688 · Cited by 4
Quantum computing hardware in the cloud : should a computational chemist care?
Rossi, A., Baity, P., Schäfer, V. M., & Weides, M. P. (2021) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 3
Shannon and von Neumann entropies of multi-qubit Schrödinger's cat states
Jansen, N. D., Loucks, M., Gilbert, S., Fleming-Dittenber, C., Egbert, J., & Hunt, K. L. C. (2022) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d1cp05255a · Cited by 3
Quantifying the uncertainty and global sensitivity of quantum computations on experimental hardware
Xu, G., Arachchilage, K. H., Hussaini, M. Y., & Oates, W. S. (2022) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-022-03701-8 · Cited by 5
Quantum Enhancements for AlphaZero
Chao, J., Rodriguez, R., & Crowe, S. (2023) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO Companion) · doi:10.1145/3583133.3596302 · Cited by 3
Leakage in restless quantum gate calibration
Haupt, C. J., & Egger, D. J. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.022614 · Cited by 3
Quantum Cloud Computing from a User Perspective
Neumann, N. M. P., van der Schoot, W., & Sijpesteijn, T. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40852-6_13 · Cited by 3
Many facets of multiparty broadcasting of known quantum information using optimal quantum resource
Kumar, S., & Pathak, A. (2024) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-024-04370-5 · Cited by 3
Scalable Full-Stack Benchmarks for Quantum Computers
Hines, J., & Proctor, T. J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2024.3404502 · Cited by 12
Noise-aware circuit compilations for a continuously parameterized two-qubit gateset
Yale, C. G., Rines, R., Omole, V., Thotakura, B., Burch, A. D., Chow, M. N. H., Ivory, M., Lobser, D., McFarland, B., Revelle, M., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/3cmg-5rk7 · Cited by 6
Simon’s Algorithm in the NISQ Cloud
Robertson, R., Doucet, E., Spicer, E., & Deffner, S. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27070658 · Cited by 10
Fidelity decay and error accumulation in random quantum circuits
de Buruaga, N. S. S., Bistroń, R., Rudziński, M., Pereira, R. M. C., Życzkowski, K., & Ribeiro, P. (2025) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.19.1.013 · Cited by 8
Qonductor: A Cloud Orchestrator for Quantum Computing
Giortamis, E., Romão, F., Tornow, N., Lugovoy, D., & Bhatotia, P. (2025) · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC) · doi:10.1145/3712285.3759785 · Cited by 22
Powerball and Quantum Supremacy
DeBenedictis, E. P. (2019) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2019.2930166 · Cited by 3
Vector Field Visualization of Single-Qubit State Tomography
Suau, A., Vuffray, M., Lokhov, A. Y., Cincio, Ł., & Coffrin, C. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00075 · Cited by 3
Analysis on noise impact in algorithm-based quantum computing benchmark
Wang, J., Zhang, M., Lai, J., Zhao, W., & Zhang, H. (2022) · International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) · doi:10.1109/icocn55511.2022.9901092 · Cited by 3
Non-Functional Requirements for Quantum Programs.
Saraiva, L., Hæusler, E. H., da Costa, V. G., & Kalinowski, M. (2021) · Cited by 3
Optimizing quantum circuit synthesis for permutations using recursion
Chen, C., Schmitt, B. D. O., Zhang, H., Bishop, L. S., & Javadi-Abhari, A. (2022) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1145/3489517.3530654 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLocalization and delocalization in networks with varied connectivity
Ray, T., Dey, A., & Kulkarni, M. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.042610 · Cited by 3
Topics in Quantum NetworkingPreprint
Sun, F. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.02910 · Cited by 3
Towards Efficient Superconducting Quantum Processor Architecture DesignPreprint
Li, G., Ding, Y., & Xie, Y. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.12879 · Cited by 3
Administration, U. A. S. F. H. R. A., Alexeev, Y., USDOE Office of Science (SC), Eidenbenz, S., Mezzacapo, A., & Pakin, S. (2023) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.2172/2280557 · Cited by 3
Quantum Computing: Predictions and Challenges
Kulik, S. P. (2023) · Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute · doi:10.3103/s1068335623602273 · Cited by 2
Performance of algorithms for emerging ion-trap quantum hardware
Kurlej, A., Alterman, S., & Obenland, K. (2024) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2024.06.005 · Cited by 2
Performance Analysis of Quantum Computer Simulators Across Different Environments
Aoki, N., Yamazaki, M., Hirai, A., Yamaoka, M., Fukumoto, N., Kasagi, A., & Oguchi, M. (2024) · IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA) · doi:10.1109/sera61261.2024.10685572 · Cited by 2
Quantum circuit designs of efficient squaring
Cho, S.-M., Lee, C., & Seo, S.-H. (2025) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-025-04647-3 · Cited by 2
Practitioners’ Rule of Thumb for Quantum Volume
Torre, E. G. D. (2025) · Quantum Reports · doi:10.3390/quantum7010011 · Cited by 3
An optimized exact multi-target search algorithm
Zhong, S., Zhao, Y., Dai, G., & Wu, D. (2025) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-025-04932-1 · Cited by 2
A Practical Framework for Assessing the Performance of Observable Estimation in Quantum Simulation
Niu, S., Kökcü, E., Johri, S., Ramesh, A., Chatterjee, A., Neira, D. E. B., Camps, D., & Lubinski, T. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00050 · Cited by 5
Characterizing conditional quantum dynamics on superconducting quantum processors
AbuGhanem, M. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07284-y · Cited by 3
An Empirical Study on the Use of Quantum Computing for Financial Portfolio Optimization
Gomes, C., Falcao, G., Paquete, L., & Fernandes, J. P. (2022) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01215-9 · Cited by 3
Efficient Algorithms for High-Dimensional Quantum Optimal Control of a Transmon Qubit
Leng, Z., Mundada, P., Ghadimi, S., & Houck, A. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.19.044034 · Cited by 16
Pratapsi, S. S., Buffoni, L., & Gherardini, S. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.023296 · Cited by 2
HamPerf: A Hamiltonian-Oriented Approach to Quantum Benchmarking
Butko, A., Klymko, K., Camps, D., & Sawaya, N. P. D. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers: Workshops and Special Sessions (CF Companion) · doi:10.1145/3637543.3653431 · Cited by 3
Frisch, A., Erhard, A., Feldker, T., Girtler, F., Hettrich, M., Huss, W., Jacob, G., Maier, C., Mayramhof, G., Nigg, D., et al. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64136-7_10 · Cited by 2
Counting collisions in random circuit sampling for benchmarking quantum computers
Mari, A. (2024) · APL Quantum · doi:10.1063/5.0219266 · Cited by 2
Towards Effective Local Search for Qubit Mapping
Luo, C. W., Cao, S., Guo, S., & Hu, C. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3544869 · Cited by 2
Quantum Zeno Monte Carlo for computing observables
Han, M., Park, H., & Choi, S. (2025) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-01002-3 · Cited by 2
Benchmarking the performance of a high-Q cavity qudit using random unitaries
Bornman, N., Roy, T., Job, J., Anand, N., Perdue, G., Zorzetti, S., & Alam, M. S. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/adc47c · Cited by 4
Toolchain for faster iterations in quantum software development
Kinanen, O., Muñoz-Moller, A. D., Stirbu, V., Murillo, J. M., & Mikkonen, T. (2025) · Computing · doi:10.1007/s00607-025-01450-x · Cited by 4
A Standardized Design for Sifting in Quantum Key Distribution Software
Amer, O., Garg, V., & Krawec, W. O. (2022) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/gcwkshps56602.2022.10008730 · Cited by 2
SAT-Based Quantum Circuit Adaptation
Brandhofer, S., Kim, J., Niu, S., & Bronn, N. T. (2023) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date56975.2023.10137140 · Cited by 2
Qubit Condensation for Assessing Efficacy of Molecular Simulation on Quantum Computers
Sager-Smith, L. M., Smart, S. E., & Mazziotti, D. A. (2023) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02583 · Cited by 2
A user-centric quantum benchmarking test suite and evaluation framework
Liu, W., Wang, F., Lin, H., & Shang, J. (2023) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-023-04154-3 · Cited by 2
Learning a Quantum Computer's Capability
Hothem, D., Young, K. C., Catanach, T., & Proctor, T. J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2024.3430215 · Cited by 5
Quantum ComputationPreprint
Bishnoi, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.02799 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Cross, A. W., Bishop, L. S., Sheldon, S., Nation, P. D., & Gambetta, J. M.
- Affiliations
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2019-09-20
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 2469-9926
- 2469-9934
- OpenAlex
- W2903516100
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a9f7dda6264e4827e78230d88fea893a9d81b09
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 35.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0124)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Keywords
- quantum volume, transmon qubits, gate error rates, near-term quantum devices, quantum error correction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
