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Formation of defects associated with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking

Fujikura, Kohei, Sakellariadou, Mairi, Uwabo-Niibo, Michiru, Yamaguchi, Masahide·2025·Physical Review D
DOI 10.1103/physrevd.111.023511

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Abstract

We discuss formation of cosmic strings associated with a spontaneously broken U ( 1 ) symmetry by performing classical field-theoretical simulations. An original U ( 1 ) symmetry is explicitly broken down to its subgroup Z N even before spontaneous breaking takes place. We estimate the ratio of explicit breaking to that of spontaneous breaking for which topological defects for N = 1 and N = 2 are formed. For N = 1 , a cosmic string attached to a single domain wall can be formed when the amount of the explicit breaking is 3 orders of magnitude smaller than that of the spontaneous breaking. For N = 2 , no matter how large the explicit breaking is, domain walls are inevitably formed as long as the temperature of the Universe is high enough to restore Z 2 symmetry. In that case, cosmic strings are also inevitably formed as long as the amount of the explicit breaking is smaller than that of the spontaneous breaking.

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Metadata

Authors
Fujikura, K., Sakellariadou, M., Uwabo-Niibo, M., & Yamaguchi, M.
Venue
Physical Review D
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2025-01-07
Volume
111
Issue
2
ISSN
  • 2470-0010
  • 2470-0029
DOI
10.1103/physrevd.111.023511
Cited by
2
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Institute for Basic Science
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22J00345, 24KJ1118, JP21H01080)
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/X000753/1)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Formation of defects associated with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1103/physrevd.111.023511
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Fujikura, K., Sakellariadou, M., Uwabo-Niibo, M., & Yamaguchi, M. (2025). Formation of defects associated with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking. Physical Review D. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.023511

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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.