Detector inefficiencies in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment
Abstract
The question of how to deal with inefficient detectors in actual experiments of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type is studied. We derive the necessary and sufficient condition for compatibility with local realism of data collected in experiments with two settings of each detector, without making auxiliary assumptions about undetected events. For the conventional experiment with particles in the singlet state (or its photon analogue), the data predicted by the quantum theory do not violate this condition unless the quantum efficiency of the detectors exceeds 83%.
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For an efficiency lower than about 83%, one cannot derive a generalized CHSH-type inequality that is violated by quantum predictions.
“For an efficiency lower than about 83% one can show that one cannot derive a (generalized) CHSH-type inequality that is violated by quantum predictions.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Garg and Mermin, (1987)
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654 · see citing works
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Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres
Hensen, B., Bernien, H., Dréau, A. E., Reiserer, A., Kalb, N., Blok, M. S., Ruitenberg, J., Vermeulen, R. F. L., Schouten, R. N., Abellán, C., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15759 · Cited by 2,852 · see citing works
Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry
Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., & Żukowski, M. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.777 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
“…in Bell test since in such a case for qubits one has three possible local outcomes, ±1 or no count; for efficiency lower than about 83% [see, e.g., (Garg and Mermin, 1987; Eberhard, 1993)] one can show that one cannot derive (generalized) CHSH-type inequality that is violated by quantum…”
BackgroundBell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption
Giustina, M., Mech, A., Ramelow, S., Wittmann, B., Kofler, J., Beyer, J., Lita, A., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Nam, S. W., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12012 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Integrated lithium niobate photonics
Qi, Y., & Li, Y. (2020) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0013 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Testing Bell’s Inequality with Cosmic Photons: Closing the Setting-Independence Loophole
Gallicchio, J., Friedman, A. S., & Kaiser, D. I. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.110405 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Żukowski, M., & Kaszlikowski, D. (1997) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.56.r1682 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garg, A., & Mermin, N. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- ORCID
- Garg, Anupam
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1987-06-15
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3831-3835
- ISSN
- 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040109634
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment, detector inefficiency, local realism, Bell inequalities, singlet state, quantum efficiency
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