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Cited by 35Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesNoncommutative and Quantum Gravity TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

How does inflation isotropize the Universe?

Anninos, Peter, Matzner, Richard A., Rothman, Tony, Ryan, Michael P.·1991·Physical Review D
DOI 10.1103/physrevd.43.3821
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Abstract

The lack of a preferred frame in the de Sitter metric leads one to argue that the end of inflation should result in an inhomogeneous rather than a homogeneous universe. Statements to the contrary have relied on scalar perturbation theory around an isotropic background. We show that to analyze properly the problem requires the introduction of velocities, implying an inhomogeneous scalar field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and minimally an anisotropic background. We find by both analytic and numerical calculations that inflation does not isotropize the Universe in the short-wavelength limit $\ensuremath{\lambda}R\ensuremath{\ll}{H}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. ($R$ is a typical scale equal to the radius of the Universe.) However, if inflation persists $\ensuremath{\lambda}R$ becomes larger than the "horizon" ${H}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the wave behavior freezes in. At this point all velocities go to zero pointwise at a rate $tanh\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{R}$, where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the relativistic tilt angle, a measure of velocity. For periodic boundary conditions the periodicity forces the average $tanh\ensuremath{\beta}$ to zero faster, $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{{R}^{4}}$. The results are purely classical, showing that the invocation of quantum fluctuations is not the relevant answer to the problem.

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  • The rolling inflaton field acts as a 'clock,' allowing regions that have been inflated to extreme distances to undergo reheating at compatible times.

    “Central to the success of this model is the fact that the rolling field acts as a 'clock,' allowing regions that have been inflated to extreme distances to undergo reheating at compatible times [24].”

    From In What Sense Is the Early Universe Fine-Tuned? (2014) · cites this paper as [24]

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Metadata

Authors
Anninos, P., Matzner, R. A., Rothman, T., & Ryan, M. P.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID
Venue
Physical Review D
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
1991-06-15
Volume
43
Issue
12
Pages
3821-3832
ISSN
0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1103/physrevd.43.3821
OpenAlex
W2056441967
Cited by
35
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
inflation (cosmology), isotropization, de Sitter metric, scalar perturbations, short-wavelength limit, classical cosmology, quantum fluctuations, periodic boundary conditions

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