The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Certifying the Dimension of Classical and Quantum Systems in a Prepare-and-Measure Scenario with Independent Devices
Open accessAbstract
We consider the problem of testing the dimension of uncharacterized classical and quantum systems in a prepare-and-measure setup. Here we assume the preparation and measurement devices to be independent, thereby making the problem nonconvex. We present a simple method for generating nonlinear dimension witnesses for systems of arbitrary dimension. The simplest of our witnesses is highly robust to technical imperfections, and can certify the use of qubits in the presence of arbitrary noise and arbitrarily low detection efficiency. Finally, we show that this witness can be used to certify the presence of randomness, suggesting applications in quantum information processing.
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“A positive value of this dimension witness could certify randomness in this scenario, similar to the fact that a violation of the Bell inequality could certify randomness of self-testing QRNG in Section ' Self-testing QRNG ' .”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [86]
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“The randomness can be estimated by adopting a dimension witness. 86”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [86]
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Cites
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Self-citationSemi-device-independent security of one-way quantum key distribution
Pawłowski, M., & Brunner, N. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.010302 · Cited by 290
Self-citationDevice-Independent Tests of Classical and Quantum Dimensions
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Self-citationCharacterizing the Nonlocal Correlations Created via Entanglement Swapping
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Beyond Bell's theorem: correlation scenarios
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Device-Independent Entanglement Quantification and Related Applications
Moroder, T., Bancal, J.-D., Liang, Y.-C., Hofmann, M., & Gühne, O. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.030501 · Cited by 203
Lower bound on the dimension of a quantum system given measured data
Wehner, S., Christandl, M., & Doherty, A. C. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.78.062112 · Cited by 153
Semi-device-independent random-number expansion without entanglement
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- J. Pearl, 2000, Models, Reasoning and Inference
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Items 101–116 of 116
Experimental demonstration of the criterion for the prepare-and-measure nonclassicality
Luo, M., Zhang, X., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ad22c7 · Cited by 1
“In recent years, several theoretical [24, 25] and experimental [26–29] investigations have been reported based on the PAM paradox.”
BackgroundMa, M.-Y., Zheng, K.-M., Xu, X., Sun, C.-J., Su, Q.-P., Yang, C., & Sun, Y.-N. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.543386 · Cited by 1
Das, N., Paul, G., & Maitra, A. (2019) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-019-2279-5 · Cited by 1
“A simple method for generating nonlinear dimension witnesses for systems of arbitrary dimen-sion has been proposed by Bowles (2014) [34].”
MethodMeasurement-device-independent nonlinear entanglement witnesses
Sen, K., Srivastava, C., & Sen, U. (2023) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ace4a5 · Cited by 3
Impact of imperfections on correlation-based quantum information protocols
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Interplay between Quantumness, Randomness, and SelftestingPreprint
Yuan, X. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1703.00656
“The randomness can be estimated by adopting a dimension witness [149].”
BackgroundDetection loophole attacks on semi-device-independent quantum and classical protocolsPreprint
Dall’Arno, M., Passaro, E., Gallego, R., Pawłowski, M., & Acín, A. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1210.1272
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Extracting more randomness using dimension witnesses with three mutually unbiased bases
Zhou, Y., Zhong, Z.-Q., Yin, Z., Wang, R., Zhan, X.-H., Wang, S., Chen, W., Huang, W., Xu, B., Guo, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.453701
Self-testing quantum random number generator with easily testable assumptions
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“…the probability of the detector to not click we obtain the observed probability of error Crucially, the three probabilities b nn , b 1 c , b e are obtained from the observed statistics of counts and they can be related to three quantities c μ , α, f characterizing the device through (8,9,16).”
BackgroundClassicality and dense coding in the prepare and measure scenario
de Gois, C. A. B. (2021) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2021.1233116
FANG, 方. W., CHEN, 陈. Y.-P., ZHOU, 周. Y., ZHANG, 张. C.-H., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Acta Sinica Quantum Optica · doi:10.3788/jqo20232901.0302
Device‐Independent Dimension Leakage Null Test on Qubits at Low Operational Cost
Rybotycki, T., Białecki, T., Batle, J. A. I., & Bednorz, A. (2024) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202400264
“Such linear witnesses were based on inequalities, and have been tested experimentally [2–5] but they are useless if the contribution from extra states is small.”
Cross-platform certification of the qubit space with a minimal number of parameters
Rybotycki, T., Białecki, T., Batle, J. A. I., Tworzydło, J., & Bednorz, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27248-7
“A special case of di-mension witnesses are null witnesses [10].”
Mahato, S. S. (2026) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10773-026-06288-3
“…the guessing probability as a function of T by the following inequality By using this bound on the guessing probability, one can calculate the minimum-entropy function Advancing this line of research, randomness certification via non-linear dimension witnesses was introduced by Bowels et al. [106].”
Certified Quantum Randomness with Coherent Detection
Sena, V. L. O., Alves, M., Zamora, S., Sarubi, T. S., de Oliveira, A., & Tacla, A. B. (2026) · doi:10.5753/wqunets.2026.23540
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowles, J., Quintino, M. T., & Brunner, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2014-04-11
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 140407-140407
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2070059557
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 9.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (PP00P2_138917)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Keywords
- dimension witness, prepare-and-measure scenario, noise robustness, randomness certification, non-convex optimization
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