The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Computational Capacity of the Universe
Open accessAbstract
All physical systems register and process information. The laws of physics determine the amount of information that a physical system can register (number of bits) and the number of elementary logic operations that a system can perform (number of ops). The Universe is a physical system. The amount of information that the Universe can register and the number of elementary operations that it can have performed over its history are calculated. The Universe can have performed ${10}^{120}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{ops}$ on ${10}^{90}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}$ ( ${10}^{120}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}$ including gravitational degrees of freedom).
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“We consider Hamiltonians that can be written as a polynomial number of terms, with respect to the system size.”
From A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
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“This class of Hamiltonians encompasses a wide range of physical systems, including the electronic structure Hamiltonian of quantum chemistry, the quantum Ising Model, the Heisenberg Model2021, matrices that are well approximated as a sum of n-fold tensor products2223, and more generally any k-sparse Hamiltonian without evident tensor product structure”
From A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“According to Uhlmann's theorem [18], the square root of the fidelity is given by”
From Geometric derivation of the quantum speed limit (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
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Cites
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- N. Margolus, 1996, PhysComp96, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Physics and Computation,
- N. Margolus, 1998, Physica (Amsterdam), 120D, 188
- D. G. Cory, PhysComp96, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Physics and Computation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor
Peruzzo, A., McClean, J., Shadbolt, P., Yung, M.-H., Zhou, X.-Q., Love, P. J., Aspuru-Guzik, A., & O’Brien, J. L. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5213 · Cited by 4,552
Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit
Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., & Maccone, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104149 · Cited by 3,160
Self-citationThe World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information
Hilbert, M., & López, P. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200970 · Cited by 1,643
Complexity, action, and black holes
Brown, A. R., Roberts, D. A., Susskind, L., Swingle, B. G., & Zhao, Y. (2016) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.93.086006 · Cited by 661
Quantum Speed Limits in Open System Dynamics
del Campo, A., Egusquiza, I. L., Plenio, M. B., & Huelga, S. F. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.050403 · Cited by 493
Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lloyd, Seth
- ORCID
- Lloyd, Seth
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2002-05-24
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 237901-237901
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W1993466133
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Keywords
- gravitational degrees of freedom
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