Bulk Spin-Resonance Quantum Computation
Abstract
Quantum computation remains an enormously appealing but elusive goal. It is appealing because of its potential to perform superfast algorithms, such as finding prime factors in polynomial time, but also elusive because of the difficulty of simultaneously manipulating quantum degrees of freedom while preventing environmentally induced decoherence. A new approach to quantum computing is introduced based on the use of multiple-pulse resonance techniques to manipulate the small deviation from equilibrium of the density matrix of a macroscopic ensemble so that it appears to be the density matrix of a much lower dimensional pure state. A complete prescription for quantum computing is given for such a system.
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Prototype quantum computers that store and process information on individual atoms have already been demonstrated.
“Although an Avogadro scale computer that can act on 10 23 bits might seem implausible, prototype quantum computers that store and process information on individual atoms have already been demonstrated 64 -65 , 76 -80 .”
From Ultimate physical limits to computation (2000) · cites this paper as [77]
Recently constructed quantum microcomputers use one quantum degree of freedom for each bit and operate at the Heisenberg limit Δt = π hbar/2ΔE for the time needed to flip a bit.
“The laws of physics do not require redundancy to perform logical operations: recently constructed quantum microcomputers use one quantum degree of freedom for each bit and operate at the Heisenberg limit ∆ t = π ¯ h/ 2∆ E for the time needed to flip a bit 64 -65 , 76 -80 .”
From Ultimate physical limits to computation (2000) · cites this paper as [77]
Contemporary quantum microcomputers constructed using nuclear magnetic resonance operate at the limits of speed and memory space described above.
“In fact, contemporary quantum 'microcomputers' such as those constructed using nuclear magnetic resonance 76 -80 do indeed operate at the limits of speed and memory space described above.”
From Ultimate physical limits to computation (2000) · cites this paper as [77]
Only two methods have been used to demonstrate quantum logic gates: ion traps and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
“only two methods have been used to demonstrate quantum logic gates: ion traps, 3, 4 and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 5, 6”
From Implementation of a quantum search algorithm on a quantum computer (1998) · cites this paper as [6]
Nuclear spins are particularly good quantum bits because of their natural isolation from the environment, and their use for quantum computation is possible by applying NMR techniques in an unconventional manner.
“because of their natural isolation from the environment, nuclear spins are particularly good 'quantum bits' 16 , and their use for quantum computation is possible by applying nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques in an unconventional manner 17-19 .”
From Experimental realization of a quantum algorithm (1998) · cites this paper as [16]
In the ensemble experiment, the measurement gives the bitwise average value of 8c/r instead of a sample, which is sufficient to determine r in the present experiment.
“In the experiment, an ensemble of independent quantum computers rather than a single quantum computer was used, so the measurement gives the bitwise average value of 8 c/r , instead of a sample of 8 c/r . This is sufficient to determine r in the present experiment, but for larger N a continued fractions algorithm will need to be performed on the quantum computer [11] requiring additional qubits.”
From Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance (2001) · cites this paper as [11]
The effective pure state ρ1 is a suitable initial state for Shor's algorithm because it generates the same signal as |ψ1〉 up to a proportionality constant.
“We converted ρ th into a 7-spin effective pure state [11, 12] ρ 1 via temporal averaging [9] (step 0); ρ 1 constitutes a suitable initial state for Shor's factoring algorithm since it generates the same signal as | ψ 1 〉 , up to a proportionality constant [11, 12].”
From Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance (2001) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Gershenfeld, N. A., & Chuang, I. L.
- Affiliations
- MIT Media Lab (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1997-01-17
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 5298
- Pages
- 350-356
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2096551755
- Cited by
- 1,528
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 119.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- quantum computing, decoherence, density matrix, quantum state manipulation
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