Collective Non-Abelian Instabilities in a Melting Color Glass Condensate
Open accessAbstract
We present first results for ($3+1$)D simulations of SU(2) Yang-Mills equations for matter expanding into the vacuum after a heavy ion collision. Violations of boost invariance cause a non-Abelian Weibel instability leading soft modes to grow with proper time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ as $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{\Gamma}\sqrt{{g}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}})$, where ${g}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}$ is a scale arising from the saturation of gluons in the nuclear wave function. The scale for the growth rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ is set by a plasmon mass, defined as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}={\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}\sqrt{{g}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}/\ensuremath{\tau}}$, generated dynamically in the collision. We compare the numerical ratio $\ensuremath{\Gamma}/{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ to the corresponding value predicted by the hard thermal loop formalism for anisotropic plasmas.
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There is now a substantial body of experimental data that seems to confirm the presence of such large fluctuations with an impressive identification capability thanks to high performance 4π detectors.
“There is now a substantial body of experimental data[158, 159] that seems to confirm the presence of such large fluctuations with an impressive identification capability thanks to high performance 4 π detectors.”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [158]
The introduction (p. 1) mentions RHIC experiments as evidence that a thermalized quark–gluon plasma may form, while the summary (p. 4) reports numerical simulations of instabilities. Neither addresses experimental confirmation of large fluctuations or identification using 4π detectors; searches for those terms and for event-by-event observations found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Fujii, H., & Kazunori Itakura, A. (2008) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.05.016 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Thermalization and isotropization in heavy-ion collisions
Strickland, M. T. (2015) · Pramana · doi:10.1007/s12043-015-0972-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Supergravity description of boost invariant conformal plasma at strong coupling
Benincasa, P., Buchel, A., Heller, M. P., & Janik, R. A. (2008) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.77.046006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“s physically impossible to realize. For example, a Bjorken flow of a conformal plasma might always become turbulent at late times. In fact, at weak coupling, rapidity breaking instabilities were found [55, 56]. Although this was far from a hydrodynamical regime, the leftover logarithmic singularity appearing at the thi…”
BackgroundNonlinear amplification of instabilities with longitudinal expansion
Berges, J., Boguslavski, K., & Schlichting, S. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.076005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
On the gluon spectrum in the glasma
Blaizot, J.-P., Lappi, T., & Mehtar-Tani, Y. (2010) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.06.009 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Particle production in field theories coupled to strong external sources, II: Generating functions
Gelis, F., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2006) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.08.015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Berges, J., & Schlichting, S. (2013) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.87.014026 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Berges, J., Reygers, K. J., Tanji, N., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2017) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.95.054904 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Color instabilities in the quark–gluon plasma
Mrówczyński, S., Schenke, B., & Strickland, M. T. (2017) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2017.03.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“However, the results from (Romatschke and Venugopalan, 2006a,b) indicate that isotropization time scales are much shorter if longitudinal fluctuations are already larger initially than if they have to be built up by the instability.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCausal Viscous Hydrodynamics for Central Heavy-Ion Collisions
Baier, R., & Romatschke, P. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationOverpopulated gauge fields on the lattice
Berges, J., Schlichting, S., & Sexty, D. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.074006 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fluctuations of the initial color fields in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
Epelbaum, T., & Gelis, F. (2013) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.085015 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lappi, T. (2011) · International Journal of Modern Physics E · doi:10.1142/s0218301311017302 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Observables in Strongly Coupled Anisotropic Theories
Giataganas, D. (2013) · doi:10.22323/1.177.0122 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Instability-induced fermion production in quantum field theory
Berges, J., Pruschke, J., & Rothkopf, A. (2009) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.80.023522 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Probing quark gluon plasma properties by heavy flavors
Das, S. K., Alam, J., & Mohanty, P. (2009) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.80.054916 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
On Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD
Mueller, A. H., Shoshi, A. I., & Wong, S. M. H. (2006) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2006.10.023 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Turbulent thermalization of weakly coupled non-Abelian plasmas
Schlichting, S. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.065008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Heavy quark diffusion in an overoccupied gluon plasma
Boguslavski, K., Kurkela, A., Lappi, T., & Peuron, J. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2020)077 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In this case, classical-statistical simulations are applicable and have been widely used [42–64] to understand the pre-equilibrium dynamics in the collision.”
MethodLow-cost fermions in classical field simulations
Borsányi, S., & Hindmarsh, M. B. (2009) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.79.065010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Transport of hard probes through glasma
Carrington, M. E., Czajka, A., & Mrówczyński, S. (2022) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.105.064910 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Instability induced pressure isotropization in a longitudinally expanding system
Dusling, K., Epelbaum, T., Gelis, F., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.085040 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fermionic collective modes of an anisotropic quark-gluon plasma
Schenke, B., & Strickland, M. T. (2006) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.74.065004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
What Do Electromagnetic Plasmas Tell Us about the Quark-Gluon Plasma?
Mrówczyński, S., & Thoma, M. H. (2007) · Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123124 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Berges, J., Boguslavski, K., Schlichting, S., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.92.096006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cathode tube effect: Heavy quarks probing the glasma in p -Pb collisions
Ruggieri, M., & Das, S. K. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.094024 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Signals of a Weibel instability in the melting color glass condensate
Romatschke, P., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2006) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/i2005-10304-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationInitial energy density and gluon distribution from the glasma in heavy-ion collisions
Fujii, H., Fukushima, K., & Hidaka, Y. (2009) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.79.024909 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Instabilities in non-expanding glasma
Fujii, H., Kazunori Itakura, A., & Iwazaki, A. (2009) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.06.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Color Glass Condensate and glasma
Gelis, F. (2010) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.09.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Initial fields and instabilities in the classical model of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
Fukushima, K. (2007) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.76.021902 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shear viscosity η to electrical conductivity σel ratio for an anisotropic QGP
Thakur, L., Srivastava, P. K., Kadam, G., George, M., & Mishra, H. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.95.096009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dvali, G., & Raju Venugopalan, B. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.056026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Haas, F. (2008) · Physics of Plasmas · doi:10.1063/1.2829071 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pre-equilibrium radial flow from central shock-wave collisions in AdS 5
Romatschke, P., & Hogg, J. D. (2013) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep04(2013)048 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPooja, Das, S. K., Oliva, L., & Ruggieri, M. (2022) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02517-w · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chromohydrodynamic approach to the unstable quark-gluon plasma
Manuel, C., & Mrówczyński, S. (2006) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.74.105003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dremin, I., & Leonidov, A. V. (2010) · Physics-Uspekhi · doi:10.3367/ufne.0180.201011c.1167 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Out-of-equilibrium dynamics of coherent non-Abelian gauge fields
Berges, J., Scheffler, S., Schlichting, S., & Sexty, D. (2012) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.034507 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
EMMI rapid reaction task force on ‘Thermalization in non-Abelian plasmas’
Berges, J., Blaizot, J.-P., & Gelis, F. (2012) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/39/8/085115 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Initial state and thermalization in the Color Glass Condensate framework
Gelis, F. (2015) · International Journal of Modern Physics E · doi:10.1142/s0218301315300088 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evolution to the quark–gluon plasma
Fukushima, K. (2016) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/022301 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In this way, unstable behavior has been discovered, which is referred to as glasma instability [40].”
BackgroundMethodDynamical modeling of high energy heavy ion collisions
Hirano, T., & Yasushi Nara, B. (2012) · Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics · doi:10.1093/ptep/pts007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Romatschke, P., & Venugopalan, R.
- Affiliations
- Bielefeld University (DE)
- ORCID
- Romatschke, Paul
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2006-02-14
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 062302-062302
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2072867672
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
- Keywords
- color glass condensate, SU(2) gauge theory, heavy-ion collisions, gluon saturation, collective instabilities, hard thermal loops, anisotropic plasma, quark-gluon plasma
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