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Imaging the Ultrafast Coherent Control of a Skyrmion Crystal

Tengdin, Phoebe, Truc, Benoit, Sapozhnik, Alexey, Kong, Lingyao, del Ser, Nina, Gargiulo, Simone, Madan, Ivan, Schönenberger, Thomas, Baral, Priya R., Che, Ping, Magrez, Arnaud, Grundler, Dirk, Rønnow, Henrik M., Lagrange, Thomas, Zang, Jiadong, Rosch, Achim, Carbone, Fabrizio·2022·Physical Review X
DOI 10.1103/physrevx.12.041030
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FIG. 1 Illustration and schematic of laser-driven skyrmion crystal rotation process. (a) Real space images of skyrmion crystal in Cu2OseO3 taken before excitation with the laser pulse and
FIG. 1 Illustration and schematic of laser-driven skyrmion crystal rotation process. (a) Real space images of skyrmion crystal in Cu2OseO3 taken before excitation with the laser pulse andCC-BY · From the PDF
Image 2
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG 3 Detailed time dependence of skyrmion crystal rotation. (a) Double pulse timed experiments showing the rotation of the skyrmion crystal observed as function of delay between the two pump pulses. The pulses either have both σ + polarization (blue points) or a sequence of σ + /σ -polarization (red points). For the blue points we used pulses of equal amplitude and observe a coherent oscillation in the amplitude of rotation with a period of 175 ps that damps out progressively over a nanosecond . For the case of σ + /σ -polarization, the second pulse of σ -polarization has half the amplitude of the first one (with σ + polarization). Here we observe rotation with approximately half the amplitude out of phase with the previous oscillation. The blue/red dashed lines are a guide for the eye. Error bars (95% confidence intervals) are within the markers used. (b ) Theoretical prediction of the rotation angle θ / θ0 for such pulse sequences in a clean system where θ0 is the rotation angle for a single pulse. The theory is based on the calculation of rotational torques arising from breathing-mode oscillations, see SI.
FIG 3 Detailed time dependence of skyrmion crystal rotation. (a) Double pulse timed experiments showing the rotation of the skyrmion crystal observed as function of delay between the two pump pulses. The pulses either have both σ + polarization (blue points) or a sequence of σ + /σ -polarization (red points). For the blue points we used pulses of equal amplitude and observe a coherent oscillation in the amplitude of rotation with a period of 175 ps that damps out progressively over a nanosecond . For the case of σ + /σ -polarization, the second pulse of σ -polarization has half the amplitude of the first one (with σ + polarization). Here we observe rotation with approximately half the amplitude out of phase with the previous oscillation. The blue/red dashed lines are a guide for the eye. Error bars (95% confidence intervals) are within the markers used. (b ) Theoretical prediction of the rotation angle θ / θ0 for such pulse sequences in a clean system where θ0 is the rotation angle for a single pulse. The theory is based on the calculation of rotational torques arising from breathing-mode oscillations, see SI.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG 4 Skyrmion crystal rotation in a real space image from the TEM. ( a) Real space L-TEM image of the magnetic structure in Cu2OseO3. Scale bar (bottom right) is 500 nm. Response of the skyrmion crystal after excitation by a femtosecond laser pulse train is shown for specific regions of the film in (b)-(d). We take the FT of each subsection of the image and plot the angle of a single peak in the FT as a function of the number of pulses applied to the sample. The intensity corresponds to the intensity of the peak in the Fourier transform within a region of angles. See SI for rotational maps of the entire film.
FIG 4 Skyrmion crystal rotation in a real space image from the TEM. ( a) Real space L-TEM image of the magnetic structure in Cu2OseO3. Scale bar (bottom right) is 500 nm. Response of the skyrmion crystal after excitation by a femtosecond laser pulse train is shown for specific regions of the film in (b)-(d). We take the FT of each subsection of the image and plot the angle of a single peak in the FT as a function of the number of pulses applied to the sample. The intensity corresponds to the intensity of the peak in the Fourier transform within a region of angles. See SI for rotational maps of the entire film.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S1 Fast Fourier transformation of the total excited magnetization as a function of the excitation frequency obtained for α = 0.01 . Two collective breathing modes are labeled.
FIG. S1 Fast Fourier transformation of the total excited magnetization as a function of the excitation frequency obtained for α = 0.01 . Two collective breathing modes are labeled.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 6
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 7
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S4 (a) Scanning electron microscope image of lamella. The scale bar (bottom left) is 3 um. The range of interest (ROI) of our L-TEM images is given by the yellow box. (b) Each box maps the angle of a single point in the FT of a subsection of the image following excitation during a train of circularly polarized laser pulses (1 image for each pulse. The number of pulses sent on the y axis was 16 and the x-axis runs from 3.5 to 88 degrees.
FIG. S4 (a) Scanning electron microscope image of lamella. The scale bar (bottom left) is 3 um. The range of interest (ROI) of our L-TEM images is given by the yellow box. (b) Each box maps the angle of a single point in the FT of a subsection of the image following excitation during a train of circularly polarized laser pulses (1 image for each pulse. The number of pulses sent on the y axis was 16 and the x-axis runs from 3.5 to 88 degrees.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S5 Geometry of the Cu2OSeO3 sample implemented in Comsol Multiphysics. The domain has been divided in two regions: the lamella in purple and the support in grey.
FIG. S5 Geometry of the Cu2OSeO3 sample implemented in Comsol Multiphysics. The domain has been divided in two regions: the lamella in purple and the support in grey.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S6 Maximum (blue), minimum (red) and average (yellow) temperature obtained in the support (A) and in the lamella (B) in case two laser pulses, spaced 100 ps apart, heat the sample .
FIG. S6 Maximum (blue), minimum (red) and average (yellow) temperature obtained in the support (A) and in the lamella (B) in case two laser pulses, spaced 100 ps apart, heat the sample .CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S7 Isothermal contours after two pulses laser irradiation ( 𝑡𝑡 = 120 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) on the top surface. Black labels represent the temperature. Heat sink surface is on the top left.
FIG. S7 Isothermal contours after two pulses laser irradiation ( 𝑡𝑡 = 120 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) on the top surface. Black labels represent the temperature. Heat sink surface is on the top left.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S8 Maximum (blue), minimum (red) and average (yellow) temperature obtained in the support (A) and in the lamella (B) in case two laser pulses arrive simultaneously.
FIG. S8 Maximum (blue), minimum (red) and average (yellow) temperature obtained in the support (A) and in the lamella (B) in case two laser pulses arrive simultaneously.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S9 Temperature map of the Cu2OSeO3 sample during the cooling phase in two different time instants: at 𝑡𝑡 = 30 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (A) and 𝑡𝑡 = 90 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (B). Color legend indicates the temperature in Kelvin. The top left surface is representative of the heat sink and it is kept at the constant temperature of 5K during the simulation.
FIG. S9 Temperature map of the Cu2OSeO3 sample during the cooling phase in two different time instants: at 𝑡𝑡 = 30 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (A) and 𝑡𝑡 = 90 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (B). Color legend indicates the temperature in Kelvin. The top left surface is representative of the heat sink and it is kept at the constant temperature of 5K during the simulation.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIG. S10 Analytical heat conductivity obtained with the Callaway model using the fitting parameters of Ref. [13], θ𝐷𝐷 = 287 K and 𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝ℎ = 𝑙𝑙0 = 10 um.
FIG. S10 Analytical heat conductivity obtained with the Callaway model using the fitting parameters of Ref. [13], θ𝐷𝐷 = 287 K and 𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝ℎ = 𝑙𝑙0 = 10 um.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Authors
Tengdin, P., Truc, B., Sapozhnik, A., Kong, L., del Ser, N., Gargiulo, S., Madan, I., Schönenberger, T., Baral, P. R., Che, P., Magrez, A., Grundler, D., Rønnow, H. M., Lagrange, T., Zang, J., Rosch, A., & Carbone, F.
Venue
Physical Review X
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2022-12-20
Volume
12
Issue
4
ISSN
2160-3308
DOI
10.1103/physrevx.12.041030
Cited by
15
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • European Research Council
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (171003)
  • Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (403505545)
  • U.S. Department of Energy
  • Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0020221)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (11974021)
  • Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (964591)
  • Google
  • CRC 1238 (277146847, 277101999)

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Tengdin, P., Truc, B., Sapozhnik, A., Kong, L., del Ser, N., Gargiulo, S., Madan, I., Schönenberger, T., Baral, P. R., Che, P., Magrez, A., Grundler, D., Rønnow, H. M., Lagrange, T., Zang, J., Rosch, A., & Carbone, F. (2022). Imaging the Ultrafast Coherent Control of a Skyrmion Crystal. Physical Review X. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.12.041030