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Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3
Open accessAbstract
We report on the population properties of compact binary mergers inferred from gravitational-wave observations of these systems during the first three LIGO-Virgo observing runs. The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 3 (GWTC-3) contains signals consistent with three classes of binary mergers: binary black hole, binary neutron star, and neutron star–black hole mergers. We infer the binary neutron star merger rate to be between 10 and 1700 Gpc−3 yr−1 and the neutron star–black hole merger rate to be between 7.8 and 140 Gpc−3 yr−1, assuming a constant rate density in the comoving frame and taking the union of 90% credible intervals for methods used in this work. We infer the binary black hole merger rate, allowing for evolution with redshift, to be between 17.9 and 44 Gpc−3 yr−1 at a fiducial redshift (z=0.2). The rate of binary black hole mergers is observed to increase with redshift at a rate proportional to (1+z)κ with κ=2.9−1.8+1.7 for z≲1. Using both binary neutron star and neutron star–black hole binaries, we obtain a broad, relatively flat neutron star mass distribution extending from 1.2−0.2+0.1 to 2.0−0.3+0.3M⊙. We confidently determine that the merger rate as a function of mass sharply declines after the expected maximum neutron star mass, but cannot yet confirm or rule out the existence of a lower mass gap between neutron stars and black holes. We also find the binary black hole mass distribution has localized over- and underdensities relative to a power-law distribution, with peaks emerging at chirp masses of 8.3−0.5+0.3 and 27.9−1.8+1.9M⊙. While we continue to find that the mass distribution of a binary’s more massive component strongly decreases as a function of primary mass, we observe no evidence of a strongly suppressed merger rate above approximately 60M⊙, which would indicate the presence of a upper mass gap. Observed black hole spins are small, with half of spin magnitudes below χi≈0.25. While the majority of spins are preferentially aligned with the orbital angular momentum, we infer evidence of antialigned spins among the binary population. We observe an increase in spin magnitude for systems with more unequal-mass ratio. We also observe evidence of misalignment of spins relative to the orbital angular momentum. Published by the American Physical Society 2023
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- Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, N., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, D., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Akutsu, T., de Alarcón, P. F., Akcay, S., Albanesi, S., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Anand, C., Anand, S., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Ando, M., Andrade, T., Andres, N., Andrić, T., Angelova, S. V., Ansoldi, S., Antelis, J. M., Antier, S., Antonini, F., Appert, S., Arai, K., Arai, K., Arai, Y., Araki, S., Araya, A., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Aritomi, N., Arnaud, N., Arogeti, M., Aronson, S. M., Arun, K. G., Asada, H., Asali, Y., Ashton, G., Aso, Y., Assiduo, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Austin, C., Babak, S., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Badger, C., Bae, S., Bae, Y., Baer, A. M., Bagnasco, S., Bai, Y., Baiotti, L., Baird, J., Bajpai, R., Ball, M., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Balsamo, A., Baltus, G., Banagiri, S., Bankar, D., Barayoga, J. C., Barbieri, C., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barneo, P., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Baylor, A. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bedakihale, V. M., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Benedetto, V., Beniwal, D., Bennett, T. F., Bentley, J. D., BenYaala, M., Bergamin, F., Berger, B. K., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beveridge, D., Bhandare, R., Bhardwaj, U., Bhattacharjee, D., Bhaumik, S., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Bini, S., Birney, I. A., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bischi, M., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Biswas, B., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M.-A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bobba, F., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Boldrini, M., Bonavena, L. D., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. 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P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Miyakawa, O., Miyamoto, A., Miyazaki, Y., Miyo, K., Miyoki, S., Mo, G., Modafferi, L. M., Moguel, E., Mogushi, K., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Mohite, S. R., Molina, I., Molina-Ruiz, M., Mondin, M., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Morawski, F., More, A., Moreno, C., Moreno, G., Mori, Y., Morisaki, S., Moriwaki, Y., Morrás, G., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mozzon, S., Muciaccia, F., Mukherjee, A., Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muñiz, E. A., Murray, P. G., Musenich, R., Muusse, S., Nadji, S. L., Nagano, K., Nagano, S., Nagar, A., Nakamura, K., Nakano, H., Nakano, M., Nakashima, R., Nakayama, Y., Napolano, V., Nardecchia, I., Narikawa, T., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, B., Nayak, R. K., Negishi, R., Neil, B. F., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neubauer, P., Neunzert, A., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S. W. S., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, P., Nguyen, T., Quynh, L. N., Ni, W.-T., Nichols, S. A., Nishizawa, A., Nissanke, S., Nitoglia, E., Nocera, F., Norman, M., North, C., Nozaki, S., Siles, J. F. N., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., O’Brien, B. D., Obuchi, Y., O’Dell, J., Oelker, E., Ogaki, W., Oganesyan, G., Oh, J. J., Oh, K., Oh, S. H., Ohashi, M., Ohishi, N., Ohkawa, M., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Okutani, Y., Okutomi, K., Olivetto, C., Oohara, K., Ooi, C., Oram, R., O’Reilly, B., Ormiston, R. G., Ormsby, N. D., Ortega, L. F., O’Shaughnessy, R., O’Shea, E., Oshino, S., Ossokine, S., Osthelder, C., Otabe, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, M. A., Pagliaroli, G., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Pan, K., Panda, P. K., Pang, H., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Panther, F. H., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Paolone, A., Parisi, A., Park, H., Park, J., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patel, M., Pathak, M., Patricelli, B., Patron, A. S., Paul, S., Payne, E., Pedraza, M., Pegoraro, M., Pele, A., Arellano, F. E. P., Penn, S., Perego, A., Pereira, A., Pereira, T., Perez, C. J., Périgois, C., Perkins, C. C., Perreca, A., Perriès, S., Petermann, J., Petterson, D., Pfeiffer, H. P., Pham, K. A., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piendibene, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierini, L., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pillas, M., Pilo, F., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pinto, M., Piotrzkowski, B., Piotrzkowski, K., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M. D., Placidi, E., Planas, L., Plastino, W., Pluchar, C., Poggiani, R., Polini, E., Pong, D. Y. T., Ponrathnam, S., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Poulton, R., Powell, J., Pracchia, M., Pradier, T., Prajapati, A. K., Prasai, K., Prasanna, R., Pratten, G., Principe, M., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L., Prosposito, P., Prudenzi, L., Puecher, A., Punturo, M., Puosi, F., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Raaijmakers, G., Radkins, H., Radulesco, N., Raffai, P., Rail, S. X., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Ramirez, K. E., Ramirez, T. D., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, J., Rapagnani, P., Rapol, U. D., Ray, A., Raymond, V., Raza, N., Razzano, M., Read, J., Rees, L. A., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reid, S. W., Reitze, D. H., Relton, P., Renzini, A., Rettegno, P., Reza, A., Rezac, M., Ricci, F., Richards, D., Richardson, J. W., Richardson, L., Riemenschneider, G., Riles, K., Rinaldi, S., Rink, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rodriguez, S., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romero-Rodríguez, A., Romero-Shaw, I. M., Romie, J. H., Ronchini, S., Rosa, L., Rose, C. A., Rosińska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rowlinson, S. J., Roy, S., Roy, S., Roy, S., Rozza, D., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sadiq, J., Sago, N., Saito, S., Saito, Y., Sakai, K., Sakai, Y., Sakellariadou, M., Sakuno, Y., Salafia, O. S., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, J. H., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sanders, J. R., Sanuy, A., Saravanan, T. R., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Satari, H., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Sato, S., Sato, T., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Sawada, T., Sawant, D., Sawant, H. L., Sayah, S., Schaetzl, D., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schiworski, M., Schmidt, P., Schmidt, S., Schnabel, R., Schneewind, M., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwartz, E., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seglar-Arroyo, M., Sekiguchi, T., Sekiguchi, Y., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Seo, E. G., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Setyawati, Y., Shaffer, T., Shahriar, M. S., Shams, B., Shao, L., Sharma, A., Sharma, P., Shawhan, P., Shcheblanov, N. S., Shibagaki, S., Shikauchi, M., Shimizu, R., Shimoda, T., Shimode, K., Shinkai, H., Shishido, T., Shoda, A., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., ShyamSundar, S., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Singer, L. 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B., Ying, M., Yokogawa, K., Yokoyama, J., Yokozawa, T., Yoo, J., Yoshioka, T., Yu, H., Yu, H., Yuzurihara, H., Zadrożny, A., Zanolin, M., Zeidler, S., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J.-P., Zevin, M., Zhan, M., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, G., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhou, R., Zhou, Z., Zhu, X. J., Zhu, Z.-H., Zimmerman, A. B., Zlochower, Y., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., & LIGO Scientific Collaboration, V. C.
- Venue
- Physical Review X
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2023-03-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2160-3308 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4226083230
- Cited by
- 889
- References
- 248
- FWCI
- 103.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1103/physrevx.13.011048
- The paper
- Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, N., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, D., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Akutsu, T., de Alarcón, P. F., . . . LIGO Scientific Collaboration, V. C. (2023). Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3. Physical Review X. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.13.011048
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.