The DOI matches its Crossref record; 463 of the 463 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The electronic properties of graphene
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene depend on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.
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“Recently, the non-relativistic electrons in graphene monolayer were found to obey the massless relativistic dispersion known as the Dirac cone, leading to the realization of analogies to Zitterbewegung and Klein tunneling in low-energy condensed-matter physics and atom optics 4 -19 .”
From Observation of interaction-induced phenomena of relativistic quantum mechanics (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dirac points in graphene1–3 or photonic graphene12 belong to the first type, which occur in lattices with unbroken T. These occur in pairs and are stabilized by a symmetry of the underlying lattice.”
From Observation of an unpaired photonic Dirac point (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the isotropic graphene, c v = c d , the lattice is hexagonal and the tunnelling is equivalent in all directions, which is preserved by the six-fold symmetry [1].”
From Observing movement of Dirac cones from single-photon dynamics (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A second relevant feature of the eigenfunctions is their nontrivial Berry phase: if the eigenfunctions are transported adiabatically on a closed loop in momentum space around one of the Dirac points, the eigenfunctions change sign (Castro Neto et al., 2009).In other words, they get a Berry phase of Æπ, the sign being opposite for the K and K 0 points.”
From Topological photonics (2019) · cites this paper as Castro Neto et al., 2009
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In the citing paper
“photonic Dirac points are known to occur in pairs in “photonic graphene” and other similar photonic crystals”
From Observation of an unpaired photonic Dirac point (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
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In the citing paper
“The DO model is obtained from the free Dirac equation by the introduction of the external potential via a non-minimal coupling [57,59,63].”
From Classical simulation of relativistic quantum mechanics in periodic optical structures (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The relativistic extension of the quantum harmonic oscillator, the so-called Dirac oscillator (DO) [57,58,59], provides a paradigmatic and exactly solvable model in relativistic quantum mechanics.”
From Classical simulation of relativistic quantum mechanics in periodic optical structures (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Interestingly, the analogy of Hamiltonian (2) with the JaynesCummings model allows us to relate ZB and Rabi oscillations, as other authors have pointed out 7,29,30 .”
From Revivals, classical periodicity, and zitterbewegung of electron currents in monolayer graphene (2009) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“We are also able to create approximately quadratic electric potentials which, due to Klein tunneling, are nonconfining in the relativistic limit [18].”
From Quantum Simulation of the Klein Paradox with Trapped Ions (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The main consequence is the emergence of Landau levels in the vicinity of the Dirac points (Castro Neto et al., 2009).”
From Topological photonics (2019) · cites this paper as Castro Neto et al., 2009
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Citations
Cites
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102896 · Cited by 66,834
Self-citationGeim, A. K., & Novoselov, K. S. (2007) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1849 · Cited by 39,979
Self-citationTwo-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Katsnelson, M. I., Grigorieva, I. V., Dubonos, S. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04233 · Cited by 21,611
Self-citationRaman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers
Ferrari, A. C., Meyer, J. C., Scardaci, V., Casiraghi, C., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Piscanec, S., Jiang, D., Novoselov, K. S., Roth, S., et al. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.187401 · Cited by 15,229
Self-citationExperimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene
Zhang, Y., Tan, Y.-W., Stormer, H. L., & Kim, P. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04235 · Cited by 13,435
The nature of the chemical bond—1992
Pauling, L. C. (1992) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed069p519 · Cited by 13,235
Two-dimensional atomic crystals
Novoselov, K. S., Jiang, D., Schedin, F., Booth, T. J., Khotkevich, V. V., Morozov, S. V., & Geim, A. K. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502848102 · Cited by 11,788
Self-citationQuantum Fields in Curved Space
Birrell, N. D., & Davies, P. C. W. (1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511622632 · Cited by 8,354
Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Graphene
Kane, C. L., & Mele, E. J. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.226801 · Cited by 8,197
Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (1998) · IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooks · doi:10.1142/9781860943799 · Cited by 8,122
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ashcroft, N. W., 1976, Solid State Physics
- Campagnoli, G., 1989, Progress on Electron Properties of Metals
- McClure, J. W., 1971, Physics of Semi-Metals and Narrow-Gap Semiconductors
- 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.214418 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Colloquium : Topological insulators
Hasan, M. Z., & Kane, C. L. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045 · Cited by 19,930
Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J. N., & Strano, M. S. (2012) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.193 · Cited by 16,374
Topological insulators and superconductors
Qi, X.-L., & Zhang, S.-C. (2011) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.83.1057 · Cited by 14,394
Graphene: Status and Prospects
Geim, A. K. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158877 · Cited by 13,942
Self-citationGraphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W., Li, X., Suk, J. W., Potts, J. R., & Ruoff, R. S. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201001068 · Cited by 10,653
Metadata
- Authors
- Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S., & Geim, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Reviews of Modern Physics
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2009-01-14
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-162
- ISSN
- 0034-6861 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-0756
- OpenAlex
- W2105685140
- Cited by
- 24,803
- References
- 459
- Citations by year
- 2026: 853 · 2025: 1031 · 2024: 1100 · 2023: 1204 · 2022: 1363 · 2021: 1537 · 2020: 1727 · 2019: 1637 · 2018: 1709 · 2017: 1741 · 2016: 1787 · 2015: 1711 · 2014: 1637 · 2013: 1542 · 2012: 1544
- FWCI
- 673.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reviews of Modern Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0343790)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Division of Materials Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
- Keywords
- graphene, Dirac fermions, two-dimensional Dirac materials, quantum Hall effect, tunneling, confinement, stacking sequence, multilayer graphene, edge states, armchair and zigzag edges, nanoribbons, disorder, electron-electron interaction, electron-phonon coupling, transport properties, spectral properties
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