Possible Involvement of Phototropins in Leaf Movement of Kidney Bean in Response to Blue Light

May combine two claims.

After a blue light pulse, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to H+-ATPase decreases between 1 and 2.5 min, reaches less than 40% of initial at 5 min, and returns to original in another 5 min.

“The amount of 14-3-3 protein started to decrease between 1 and 2.5 min after the initiation of a pulse of blue light and reached the minimum, less than 40% of initial level, at 5 min after the pulse began, and then returned to the original level in another 5 min.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims.

K-252a inhibits blue-light-induced phototropin phosphorylation and H+-ATPase dephosphorylation in pulvinar cells.

“When the specific flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and the protein kinase inhibitors K-252a and staurosporine were administered to pulvinar cells, both phototropin phosphorylation and H 1 -ATPase dephosphorylation were inhibited.”

• Also stated in: § Requirement of Phototropin Phosphorylation for the Dephosphorylation of the Plasma Membrane H 1 -ATPase · p. 5 · plain

  “K-252a at 10 m M inhibited the binding to phototropin by 69% and the dissociation from the H 1 -ATPase by 70% (Fig. 6, C and D).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.

May combine two claims.

Side irradiation with blue light causes leaves to orient to the light source, limited by contact of two leaves.

“When the dark-adapted plant was irradiated at the same intensity of blue light from the side, the leaves oriented to the source of light, although the orientation was limited by the contact of two leaves (Fig. 1D).”

May combine two claims.

DPI inhibits blue-light-induced phototropin phosphorylation and H+-ATPase dephosphorylation in pulvinar cells.

“When the specific flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and the protein kinase inhibitors K-252a and staurosporine were administered to pulvinar cells, both phototropin phosphorylation and H 1 -ATPase dephosphorylation were inhibited.”

• Also stated in: § Requirement of Phototropin Phosphorylation for the Dephosphorylation of the Plasma Membrane H 1 -ATPase · p. 5 · plain

  “DPI at 100 m M inhibited the binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropin by 57% and the dissociation of 14-3-3 protein from the H 1 -ATPase by 53% (Fig. 6, A and B).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.

May combine two claims.

Phototropin phosphorylation occurs rapidly and precedes the transient gradual dephosphorylation of the H+-ATPase.

“Phototropin phosphorylation occurred rapidly, followed by the transient gradual dephosphorylation of the H 1 -ATPase.”

• Also stated in: § Phosphorylation of Phototropin Precedes Dephosphorylation of the H 1 -ATPase in Response to Blue Light in Pulvini · p. 3 · plain

  “the maximum binding occurred earlier (at 1 min) than the maximum dissociation of 14-3-3 protein from the H 1 -ATPase (5 min; Fig. 2E).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims.

Continuous blue light at 100 μmol m-2 s-1 for 120 min from above causes dark-adapted kidney bean leaves to rise from pointing down to horizontal, reaching highest at 90 min.

“Before the irradiation, the leaves were closed and pointing completely down (Fig. 1A, 0 min) and rose to the horizontal position in response to the blue light, greatly increasing the lightreceptive area (Fig. 1, A and B, 120 min). The leaf reached its highest position at 90 min of blue light, and this position was maintained for the rest of the irradiation period (Fig. 1E).”

May combine two claims.

Staurosporine inhibits blue-light-induced phototropin phosphorylation and H+-ATPase dephosphorylation in pulvinar cells.

“When the specific flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and the protein kinase inhibitors K-252a and staurosporine were administered to pulvinar cells, both phototropin phosphorylation and H 1 -ATPase dephosphorylation were inhibited.”

• Also stated in: § Requirement of Phototropin Phosphorylation for the Dephosphorylation of the Plasma Membrane H 1 -ATPase · p. 5 · plain

  “staurosporine, a Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitor, at 10 m M inhibited the binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropin by 47% and its dissociation from the H 1 -ATPase by 49% (Fig. 6, E and F).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.

May combine two claims.

A blue light pulse causes 14-3-3 protein to bind rapidly to phototropin, reaching maximum within 1 min, then decreasing to basal levels within 10 min.

“When the pulvini were irradiated with a pulse of blue light, 14-3-3 protein rapidly bound to phototropin and reached a maximum within 1 min after the pulse began, after which the binding decreased gradually, returning to the basal levels within 10 min (Fig. 2C).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Staurosporine at 10 μM inhibits binding to phototropin by 47% and dissociation from H+-ATPase by 49%.

“staurosporine, a Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitor, at 10 m M inhibited the binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropin by 47% and its dissociation from the H 1 -ATPase by 49% (Fig. 6, E and F).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

K-252a at 10 μM inhibits binding to phototropin by 69% and dissociation from H+-ATPase by 70%.

“K-252a at 10 m M inhibited the binding to phototropin by 69% and the dissociation from the H 1 -ATPase by 70% (Fig. 6, C and D).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

DPI at 100 μM inhibits binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropin by 57% and dissociation from H+-ATPase by 53%.

“DPI at 100 m M inhibited the binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropin by 57% and the dissociation of 14-3-3 protein from the H 1 -ATPase by 53% (Fig. 6, A and B).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims.

Only the 16.5-kD peptide binds 14-3-3 protein, and blue light decreases this binding.

“we indicated that only the 16.5-kD peptide had the binding ability to 14-3-3 protein and that the amount of this binding decreased by blue light (Fig. 4B).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims.

Blue light decreases the amount of the upper 16.5-kD peptide and slightly increases the 16-kD peptide.

“found that the amount of upper 16.5-kD protein decreased by blue light with a slight increase in the amount of 16-kD peptide (Fig. 4A, right).”

May combine two claims.

Deduced Pvphot1a, Pvphot1b, and Pvphot2 proteins consist of 976, 987, and 996 amino acids and have molecular masses of 110, 111, and 112 kD.

“The deduced protein sequences of Pvphot1a, Pvphot1b, and Pvphot2 consisted of 976, 987, and 996 amino acids, respectively, and had molecular masses of 110, 111, and 112 kD, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

In vivo, 14-3-3 protein coprecipitates with H+-ATPase, and the amount decreases by 58% in response to blue light.

“As shown in Figure 5A, 14-3-3 protein was coprecipitated with the H 1 -ATPase, and the amount of the 14-3-3 protein decreased by 58% in response to blue light.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

May combine two claims.

Pvphot1a and Pvphot1b belong to the phot1 group, and Pvphot2 belongs to the phot2 group.

“Therefore, Pvphot1a and Pvphot1b were placed into a phot1 group, and Pvphot2 was placed into a phot2 group.”

May combine two claims.

Pvphot1a and Pvphot1b have high identities (77%) to Vfphots and Psphot1 in leguminous plants but lower (about 68%) identities to phot1 in Arabidopsis.

“Pvphot1a and Pvphot1b have high (77%) identities to Vfphots and Psphot1 in leguminous plants, but lower (about 68%) identities to phot1 in Arabidopsis (Fig. 7B).”

May combine two claims.

As blue light fluence rate increases, 14-3-3 protein bound to H+-ATPase decreases and bound to phototropin increases.

“As the fluence rate of blue light increased, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H 1 -ATPase decreased (Fig. 3A), whereas the amount bound to phototropin increased (Fig. 3A).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Phototropin phosphorylation occurs on multiple Ser residues.

“Phototropins undergo autophosphorylation in response to blue light (Christie et al., 1998; Sakai et al., 2001), and the phosphorylation occurs on multiple Ser residues (Short et al., 1994; Salomon et al., 2003).”

• cites Short et al., 1994Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Salomon et al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Because Phaseolus pulvinar motor cells respond to blue light via protein components similar to guard cells, including H+-ATPase and K+ channels, phototropins most likely function in these cells.

“Since Phaseolus pulvinar motor cells respond to blue light via protein components similar to those in guard cells, including the H 1 -ATPase and K 1 channels, it is most likely that phototropins function also in these cells.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Phototropins undergo autophosphorylation in response to blue light.

“Phototropins undergo autophosphorylation in response to blue light (Christie et al., 1998; Sakai et al., 2001), and the phosphorylation occurs on multiple Ser residues (Short et al., 1994; Salomon et al., 2003).”

• cites Christie et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sakai et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In kidney bean, blue light is absorbed by the laminar pulvinus and induces leaf movement through pulvinar bending.

“In kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), blue light is absorbed by the laminar pulvinus, the leaf-moving site located between the petiole and leaf blade (Fig. 1F), and induces leaf movement through pulvinar bending (Koller, 1990; Cote ´, 1995).”

• cites Koller, 1990Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Cote ´, 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

14-3-3 protein binds to the hinge region between LOV1 and LOV2 in Vicia phototropins upon their phosphorylation in Vicia guard cells, and this binding is a key step in phototropin-mediated responses.

“Recently, Kinoshita et al. (2003) found that 14-3-3 protein bound to the hinge region between LOV1 and LOV2 in broad bean ( Vicia faba ) phototropins (Vfphots) upon their phosphorylation in Vicia guard cells and suggested that the binding of 14-3-3 protein to phototropins is a key step in phototropinmediated responses.”

• cites Kinoshita et al. (2003)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In guard cells, blue light activates the H+-ATPase via phosphorylation of the C terminus with subsequent binding of 14-3-3 protein.

“In guard cells, blue light activates the H 1 -ATPase via phosphorylation of the C terminus with subsequent binding of 14-3-3 protein to the H 1 -ATPase (Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999; Kinoshita and Shimazaki, 1999; Palmgren, 2001).”

• cites Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kinoshita and Shimazaki, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Palmgren, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stomatal opening is driven by increased turgor pressure in guard cells.

“Stomatal opening, which facilitates gas exchanges between the leaf and the atmosphere, is driven by increased turgor pressure in guard cells.”

May combine two claims.

Phototropin may function upstream of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and decrease H+-ATPase activity by dephosphorylation.

“These results indicated that phototropin may function upstream of the plasma membrane H 1 -ATPase and decrease the activity of H 1 -ATPase by dephosphorylation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Phototropins are blue light receptors in guard cells, identified using Arabidopsis mutants.

“In recent studies using Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) mutant plants, phototropins, which are receptor-type protein kinases with two light, oxygen, and voltage (LOV) domains (Huala et al., 1997; Briggs and Christie, 2002), were identified as blue light receptors in guard cells (Kinoshita et al., 2001; Doi et al., 2004).”

• cites Kinoshita et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Doi et al., 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The increase in guard cell turgor is induced by membrane hyperpolarization through activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and subsequent K+ influx via hyperpolarization-activated K+ channels.

“This increase is induced by membrane hyperpolarization through the activation of the plasma membrane H 1 -ATPase and the subsequent influx of K 1 via hyperpolarizationactivated K 1 channels (Hedrich and Schroeder, 1989; Schroeder et al., 2001).”

• cites Hedrich and Schroeder, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schroeder et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The decrease in turgor pressure is caused by water efflux from motor cells, brought about by effluxes of K+ and Cl-.

“The decrease in turgor pressure is caused by water efflux from the motor cells, which is brought about by effluxes of K 1 and Cl 2 (Lowen and Satter, 1989; Okazaki et al., 2000).”

• cites Lowen and Satter, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Okazaki et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Values presented are means of three independent experiments with SEs.

“Values presented are means of three independent experiments with SEs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase requires phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine in its C-terminal region and subsequent binding of a 14-3-3 protein at that site.

“The plasma membrane H 1 -ATPase is known to be activated by phosphorylation of the penultimate Thr in the C terminus followed by 14-3-3 protein binding on this site (Fuglsang et al., 1999; Kinoshita and Shimazaki, 1999, 2002; Svennelid et al., 1999).”

• cites Fuglsang et al., 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kinoshita and Shimazaki, 1999, 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Svennelid et al., 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The 16.5-kD peptide is the phosphorylated C terminus of Phaseolus H+-ATPase, and blue light decreases this phosphorylated peptide.

“The result suggests that 16.5-kD peptide is the phosphorylated C terminus of Phaseolus H 1 -ATPase and that the phosphorylated peptide was decreased by blue light.”

May combine two claims.

These inhibitors inhibit phototropin function, thereby interrupting signaling to H+-ATPase in pulvinar motor cells.

“These observations indicate that these three lines of inhibitors inhibit phototropin function, thereby interrupting the signaling to the H 1 -ATPase in pulvinar motor cells.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The inhibitors DPI, K-252a, and staurosporine act specifically on the targeted phototropin/kinase pathways in pulvinar cells without relevant off-target effects.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The same amounts of 14-3-3 protein were used for immunoprecipitation.

“The same amounts of 14-3-3 protein were used for the immunoprecipitation (Fig. 5D).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experiments were repeated three times on different occasions and gave similar results.

“Experiments repeated three times on different occasions gave similar results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This result agrees with previous observations that light induces expression of the phot2 group.

“This result agrees with the previous observations that light induces the expression of the phot2 group (Kanegae et al., 2000; Jarillo et al., 2001; Kagawa et al., 2001).”

• cites Kanegae et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jarillo et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kagawa et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The same amount of H+-ATPase was used in the immunoprecipitation experiment.

“We confirmed that the same amount of H 1 -ATPase was used in this experiment (Fig. 5B).”

May combine two claims.

The GST probe did not bind to either H+-ATPase or phototropin.

“The GST probe was bound to neither the H 1 -ATPase nor phototropin (data not shown).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Immunoblot analyses showed each lane contained an equal amount of protein.

“Immunoblot analyses showed that each lane contained an equal amount of protein (data not shown).”

May combine two claims.

The H+-ATPase exists in a phosphorylated state with high activity in motor cells under darkness and is inactivated by dephosphorylation with dissociation of 14-3-3 protein in response to blue light.

“The results suggest that the H 1 -ATPase exists in a phosphorylated state with high activity in the motor cells under darkness and that the H 1 -ATPase is inactivated by dephosphorylation with the dissociation of 14-3-3 protein from the H 1 -ATPase in response to blue light.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In pulvinar motor cells, the amount of 14-3-3 protein bound to the H+-ATPase and phototropin can be used as a measure of their phosphorylation status.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The difference in H+-ATPase phosphorylation status between motor cells and guard cells may be produced by the activity balance between unidentified protein kinases and phosphatases acting on the C terminus.

“This difference may be produced by the activity balance between a set of unidentified protein kinase(s) and protein phosphatase(s) whose substrates are the C terminus of plasma membrane H 1 -ATPase.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Separate experiments repeated three times gave similar results.

“Separate experiments repeated three times gave similar results.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Phot1 mediates the early phase of growth inhibition in Arabidopsis hypocotyls in response to blue light.

“For example, Folta and Spalding (2001) demonstrated that phot1 mediates the early phase of growth inhibition in Arabidopsis hypocotyls in response to blue light.”

• cites Folta and Spalding, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The phototropin-mediated light signal may inactivate protein phosphatase in guard cells but activate the phosphatase in motor cells.

“For example, phototropin-mediated light signal may inactivate protein phosphatase in guard cells but activate the phosphatase in motor cells.”

May combine two claims.

Blue light inactivates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in pulvinar motor cells by dephosphorylating the phosphorylated C-terminal threonine and then causing dissociation of 14-3-3 protein.

“These results demonstrate that the H 1 -ATPase is inactivated by dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated Thr in the C terminus and by the subsequent dissociation of 14-3-3 protein in the motor cells by blue light.”

May combine two claims.

The H+-ATPase is not a direct substrate for phototropin kinase, and other components must lie between phototropin and the H+-ATPase.

“This observation clearly indicates that the H 1 -ATPase is not a direct substrate for phototropin kinase and that there must be other components between phototropin and the H 1 -ATPase.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The phototropin isoproteins could not be distinguished from one another because of their similar molecular masses.

“However, we could not distinguish these isoproteins from each other because of their similar molecular masses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ACTIN was used as an internal standard for cDNA amounts.

“ACTIN was used as an internal standard for cDNA amounts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Arabidopsis hypocotyls, activation of the anion channel seems to be induced by cry1 and cry2 as blue light receptors.

“and the activation seems to be induced by cry1 and cry2 as blue light receptors (Spalding and Cosgrove, 1989; Cho and Spalding, 1996; Parks et al., 1998; Folta and Spalding, 2001).”

• cites Spalding and Cosgrove, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Cho and Spalding, 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Folta and Spalding, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Arabidopsis hypocotyls, a blue light-activated anion channel brings about membrane depolarization.

“We note that the membrane depolarization is brought about by a blue light-activated anion channel in Arabidopsis hypocotyls”

• cites Spalding and Cosgrove, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Cho and Spalding, 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Parks et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Phototropins dramatically enhance the growth of Arabidopsis plants under low-light environments.

“Very recently, Takemiya et al. (2005) demonstrated that phototropins dramatically enhance the growth of Arabidopsis plants under low-light environments”

• cites Takemiya et al., 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Arabidopsis, phototropins mediate phototropism, chloroplast relocation, rapid inhibition of stem growth, and leaf expansion.

“In Arabidopsis, phototropins mediate phototropism (Huala et al., 1997; Christie et al., 1998; Sakai et al., 2001), chloroplast relocations (Jarillo et al., 2001; Kagawa et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2001), rapid inhibition of stem growth (Folta and Spalding, 2001; Parks et al., 2001), and leaf expansion (Sakamoto and Briggs, 2002).”

• cites Huala et al., 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Christie et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sakai et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The phototropin-mediated signal inactivates the H+-ATPase in pulvinar motor cells, whereas the same signal activates the H+-ATPase in stomatal guard cells.

“These results suggest that the phototropin-mediated signal inactivates the H 1 -ATPase in pulvinar motor cells, while the same signal activates the H 1 -ATPase in stomatal guard cells (Kinoshita et al., 2001).”

• cites Kinoshita et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The growth enhancement by phototropins indicates that phototropins improve photosynthetic performance.

“a finding that indicates the improvement of photosynthetic performance by phototropins.”

• cites Takemiya et al., 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When pulvini or stomata are irradiated with blue light, activated phototropin would change the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in opposite directions between motor cells and guard cells.

“When the pulvini or stomata are irradiated with blue light, activated phototropin would change the balance of activities in the opposite direction between motor cells and guard cells.”