CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 421Lignin and Wood ChemistryPlant Gene Expression AnalysisWood Treatment and Properties

Lignin and Biomass: A Negative Correlation for Wood Formation and Lignin Content in Trees

Open access
Novaes, Evandro, Kirst, Matias, Chiang, Vincent, Winter-Sederoff, Heike, Sederoff, Ronald·2010·Plant Physiology
DOI 10.1104/pp.110.161281PMC PMC2949025
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Studies in populations of forest tree hybrids have shown a negative correlation of biomass growth (usually measured as wood volume) and lignin content (Kirst et al., 2004; Novaes et al., 2009). The control of growth and lignin appears to be highly regulated, implying that selection for improved growth rate could effect a reduction in lignin content. Trees with increased biomass and reduced lignin would provide a yield advantage for pulp and paper production, as well as for production of biofuels. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the evidence for the correlation between lignin content and biomass growth and to discuss this correlation in a metabolic context. We review evidence that the regulation of the balance between lignin biosynthesis and biomass growth is mediated, at least in part, at the level of transcription, and expand previous results to show specific regulation within gene families of monolignol biosynthesis. Finally, we suggest a model of physiological control for the regulation of the relationship of wood formation and lignin content in trees. Wood, used by human societies for millennia, remains one of the world’s most abundant raw materials for industrial products and renewable energy. Wood is the secondary xylem of vascular plants, a tissue formed from the terminal differentiation of the inner side of the cambial meristem for vertical and horizontal transport of water, nutrients, and extractives. The secondary cell wall structure and composition of wood are the primary determinants of its physical and chemical properties, and of its energy content. Wood is typically composed of about 25% lignin, and 70% cellulosic carbohydrates, with roughly 45% cellulose and 25% hemicelluloses (Sjostrom, 1993). Lignin is a complex phenolic polymer that provides an embedding material for the cellulosic polymers of the secondary cell walls. It is also the major polymer in the middle lamellae between adjacent cell walls (Plomion et al., 2001; Boerjan et al., 2003). Lignin provides the hydrophobic surface that allows plants to transport water to heights greater than 100 m (Carder, 1995; Koch et al., 2004) and contributes to the mechanical strength that can support trees weighing more than 2,000 metric tons (Fry and White, 1938). Lignin’s physical and chemical properties also serve as a barrier against the invasion of pests and pathogens (Vance et al., 1980; Bhuiyan et al., 2009). For the forest products industries, lignin is the major barrier to efficient extraction of cellulose fibers for pulp and paper production. For the bioenergy industries, lignin is a barrier to saccharification for production of liquid biofuel (Li et al., 2003; Chen and Dixon, 2007). While lignin is fundamental to growth and adaptation of herbaceous and woody plants (Sarkanen and Ludwig, 1971; Boerjan et al., 2003; Ralph et al., 2007; Heitner et al., 2010; Vanholme et al., 2010), it is not clear how much lignin is needed or how much its composition may vary. Within a plant, lignin content can vary greatly in different tissues; for example, lignin is very low in young shoots and high in wood. In different tree species the lignin content of wood can vary from 15% to 40% (Sarkanen and Ludwig, 1971). Within a species, average lignin content of wood is much less variable, often ranging only a few percent (Einspahr et al., 1964; van Buijtenen et al., 1968). Lignin content is also increased or decreased in wood formed under gravitropic stimulation or mechanical stress (known as reaction wood; Timell, 1969, 1986; Andersson-Gunneras et al., 2006). In softwoods (gymnosperms), compression wood may be up to 40% lignin, and in hardwoods (angiosperms), tension wood fibers have a specialized gelatinous cell layer that is almost devoid of lignin (Timell, 1969). Lignin composition is also highly variable. There are two main types of subunits in lignin. One derived from coniferyl alcohol monomers forms guaiacyl (G) units, resulting in a lignin typical of softwoods. A second monomer sinapyl alcohol forms syringyl (S) units after polymerization. A mixed type of lignin with both G and S units is typical of hardwoods, and is characterized by the ratio (S/G ratio) of subunits. The S/G ratio varies greatly among hardwoods (Sarkanen and Ludwig, 1971). In herbaceous and field crops, significant reductions in lignin have been achieved by traditional breeding, spontaneous mutation, and by transgenesis. In general, reduced lignin is associated with depressed yields (Pedersen et al., 2005). However, in many cases, lignin can be reduced without reducing yield or fitness. Genetic background and diverse environments have a significant role. Because of its roles in water transport, mechanical support, and biodefense, lignin is intimately associated with the evolution of vascular plants (Robinson, 1990). Early large plants may have had higher lignin contents than we find today. Ferns and lycopods, the predominant plants of the middle to late Paleozoic (350–

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1104/pp.110.161281

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • It is likely that high temperature and catalyst acidity first cleave methoxy groups, converting syringyl and guaiacyl lignin units mainly into catechols and pyrogallols.

    “It seems likely that at first methoxy groups are cleaved by the high temperature and acidity of the catalyst. As most of the monomers of lignins consist of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl units (G) and to a lesser extent of p-hydroxphenyl units (H), this results in a mixture of mainly catechols/pyrogallols.39”

    From Synthesis of Bio-aromatics from Black Liquors Using Catalytic Pyrolysis. (2018) · cites this paper as [39]

    The LIGNIN VARIATION section identifies guaiacyl and syringyl as the two main types of lignin subunits. It does not describe high-temperature, acid-catalyzed methoxy cleavage or the formation of catechols and pyrogallols; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. No page number was provided for the indexed passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Fry W, White JB (1938) Big Trees. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
  2. Ralph J, Brunow G, Boerjan W (2007) Lignins. In F Rose, K Osborne, eds, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp 1-10
  3. Sjostrom E (1993) Wood Chemistry. Academic Press, San Diego

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Novaes, E., Kirst, M., Chiang, V., Winter-Sederoff, H., & Sederoff, R.
Affiliations
  • North Carolina State University (US)
  • School of Forest Resources and Conservation (E.N., M.K.) and University of Florida Genetics Institute (M.K.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources (V.C., R.S.), and Department of Plant Biology (H.W.-S.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
ORCID
Venue
Plant Physiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2010-10-01
Volume
154
Issue
2
Pages
555-561
ISSN
  • 0032-0889 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-2548
DOI
10.1104/pp.110.161281
PMC
PMC2949025
OpenAlex
W2054198220
Cited by
421
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations
  • PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (0817900)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, DEFG0205ER64114, FG02-05ER64114)
  • Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Research
  • Office of Science (DEFG0205ER64114)
  • Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences
  • Biological and Environmental Research (DE‐FG02‐05ER64114)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lignin and Wood Chemistry
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Gene Expression Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
Keywords
lignin content, woody biomass, wood formation, negative correlation, monolignol biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, secondary cell wall, lignin biosynthesis genes, biofuels, paper industry, tree breeding, gene family, metabolic regulation
MeSH terms
Lignin, Transcription Factors, Trees, Wood, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Biomass

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review