The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi‐method development of a theoretical typology of leadership
Abstract
Extends the transactional‐transformational model of leadership by deductively developing four theoretical behavioral types of leadership based on a historical analysis of leadership literature. Then, in an exploratory empirical phase, uses two data sets to inductively develop alternative models of leadership types. Finally, with a third data set,tests several theoretically plausible typologies using second‐order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA generally support the existence of four leadership types: directive leadership, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and empowering leadership.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Akaike, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294359 · Cited by 5,264
Akaike, H. (1987) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_29 · Cited by 4,027
Animal intelligence; experimental studies
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.55072 · Cited by 1,100
Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations
Conger, J. A. (1999) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00012-0 · Cited by 772
Cited by
DERUE, D. S., NAHRGANG, J. D., WELLMAN, N., & HUMPHREY, S. E. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x · Cited by 1,356
What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis
Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. M. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.007 · Cited by 1,107
Ensley, M. D., Hmieleski, K. M., & Pearce, C. L. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.002 · Cited by 820
Self-citationLeading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams.
Homan, A. C., Gündemir, S., Buengeler, C., & van Kleef, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000482 · Cited by 217
Leadership as Interpreneurship: A Disability Nonprofit Atlantic Canadian Profile
Levesque, M. (2020) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v8i1.2505 · Cited by 12
“Participatory leadership emphasizes the input of people in reaching decisions and can be seen as more democratic (Pearce et al., 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pearce, C. L., Sims, H. P., Cox, J. F., Ball, G., Schnell, E., Smith, K. A., & Trevino, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Management Development
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2003-05-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 273-307
- ISSN
- 0262-1711 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1566794486
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 21.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi‐method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1108/02621710310467587
- The paper
- Pearce, C. L., Sims, H. P., Cox, J. F., Ball, G., Schnell, E., Smith, K. A., & Trevino, L. (2003). Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi‐method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710310467587
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.