The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Google Scholar: the pros and the cons
Abstract
Purpose: To identify the pros and the cons of Google Scholar. Design/methodology/approach: Chronicles the recent history of the Google Scholar search engine from its inception in November 2004 and critiques it with regard to its merits and demerits. Findings: Feels that there are massive content omissions presently but that, with future changes in its structure, Google Scholar will become an excellent free tool for scholarly information discovery and retrieval. Originality/value: Presents a useful analysis for potential users of the Google Scholar site.
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In the citing paper
“Previous studies examining the suitability of search systems for evidence synthesis have focused on a limited number of search systems and/or based their analysis on a review of the search interface, yet without any in‐depth examination of core functionalities that allow reliable query‐based searching.19, 30, 31, 32”
In the citing paper
“the relevant academic publishing was collected from Scopus which has been supported as having the widest coverage in peer-reviewed scholarly journals and publications among bibliographic databases [21,22,23].”
From A Review of Privacy Enhancement Methods for Federated Learning in Healthcare Systems (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
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Items 201–300 of 383
Burd, R., Espy, K. A., Hossain, M. I., Kobourov, S., Merchant, N. C., & Purchase, H. C. (2018) · International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/3206505.3206531 · Cited by 9
“Data Scraping: While some prior research of GS data exists [11, 22, 31], these tend to focus on analysis and comparisons of index and citation data, rather than research topics.”
BackgroundBarnett, M., & Keener, M. (2007) · Journal of the Medical Library Association JMLA · doi:10.3163/1536-5050.95.4.450 · Cited by 9
Gantman, E. R., & Dabos, M. P. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24020 · Cited by 9
Evaluating Journal Quality: Beyond “Expert” Journal Assessments in the IS Discipline
Chen, L., & Holsapple, C. W. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919392.2013.840467 · Cited by 8
Houshyar, M., & Sotudeh, H. (2018) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 8
Evaluating wider impacts of books via fine-grained mining on citation literatures
Zhou, Q., & Zhang, C. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03676-2 · Cited by 8
“Kousha and Thelwall (2015b) held that counting citations from books can help scholarly impact assessment and Google Books was a useful source of such citation counts. In addition, some research compared differences between different databases. Levine-Clark and Gil (2009) conducted comparative citation analysis of Web…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWeinberger, M., & Zhitomirsky‐Geffet, M. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03823-9 · Cited by 8
“2014), and indexing of non-scientific works (Jascó 2005).”
BackgroundOutside the Classroom and Beyond Psychology
Tomcho, T. J., Foels, R., Walter, M. I., Yerkes, K., Brady, B., Erdman, M., Dantoni, L., Venables, M., & Manry, A. (2014) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628314562661 · Cited by 8
“First, we did not choose Google Scholar because researchers have argued against using this as a citation source (e.g., Jasco, 2005, 2009), given problems with extensive duplication and inflated citation counts.”
MethodThe role of online search platforms in scientific diffusion
Drivas, K. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24959 · Cited by 7
Mendonça, S., Silva, E., & Damásio, B. (2025) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102908 · Cited by 7
Fernandez, P. M. Q., Tolentino, J. C. G., Miranda, J. P. P., Guanlao, J. G. B., & Sac, J. G. (2022) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2022.100110 · Cited by 7
“Google Scholar (GS) was predicted to become a valuable tool for gathering scholarly information [28] [29] [30].”
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“coverage of subjects or journals, the quality of indexed data, it is not considered as an alternative to the citation databases as a source for evaluating studies [20].”
BackgroundScheepers, M. D., de Boer, A.-L., Bothma, T., & du Toit, P. H. (2011) · South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science · doi:10.7553/77-1-68 · Cited by 8
Google Scholar-based citation analysis of Indian library and information science journals
Patra, S. K. (2014) · Cited by 7
Classen, B., Tudor, K., du Preez, E., Day, E., Ioane, J., & Rodgers, B. C. (2021) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00209-3 · Cited by 7
“Historically, concerns regarding search reliability (Neuhaus & Daniel, 2008) and a lack of transparency (Jacsó, 2005) have caused Google Scholar to be overlooked as a serious, stand-alone option for conducting literature reviews (Bar-Ilan, 2019).”
BackgroundWarriach, N. F., & Tahira, M. (2014) · Pakistan Journal of Information Management and Libraries · doi:10.47657/201415760 · Cited by 7
Zhang, L., Banihashemi, S., Zhang, Y., & Chen, S. (2025) · Project Leadership and Society · doi:10.1016/j.plas.2025.100181 · Cited by 6
Falowo, O. I., Koshoedo, K., & Özer, M. (2023) · International Conference on Data Security and Privacy Protection (DSPP) · doi:10.1109/dspp58763.2023.10404318 · Cited by 6
“…to conduct an online web search for either full texts or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines [64], [65], we conducted our final search against it, on November 8th 2022 and given the scope of this study, a total population of about 110…”
MethodEdge Intelligence in Enhancing Last-Mile Delivery Logistics
dos Reis, J. C. G. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570894 · Cited by 6
Rothfus, M. A., SKETRIS, I. S., Traynor, R. L., Helwig, M., & Stewart, S. A. (2016) · Science & Technology Libraries · doi:10.1080/0194262x.2016.1192008 · Cited by 6
“The focus is intended to be academic in nature, but the precise parameters are unclear (De Winter, Zadpoor, and Dodou 2014; Jacsó 2005; Kulkarni et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe wider use of autonomous vehicles in non-commuting journeys
Kimber, S., Siegel, L. A., Cohen, S., & Thomopoulos, N. (2020) · Advances in transport policy and planning · doi:10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.02.003 · Cited by 6
The Concept of Employee Loyalty
Meschke, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68425-9_3 · Cited by 6
Open reproducible scientometric research with Alexandria3k
Spinellis, D. D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294946 · Cited by 9
“A major data source for research synthesis studies are online specialized and general purpose bibliographic and article databases [2], such as Dimensions [3], ERIC [4], Google Scholar [5], Inspec, OpenAlex [6], Scopus [7], and Web of Science [8].”
BackgroundEffects of Unpopular Citation Fields in Citation Matching Performance
Koo, H.-K., Kim, T., Chun, H.-W., Seo, D., Jung, H., & Lee, S. (2011) · International Conference on Information Science and Applications · doi:10.1109/icisa.2011.5772372 · Cited by 6
“Such services as Science Citation Index [2], CiteSeer [3], and Google Scholar [4] are already available to provide a means to measure research impacts.”
BackgroundCoevolution of Peer-Reviewed Literature and Clinical Practice in High-Grade Glioma Resection
Hirshman, B. R., Jones, L. A., Carroll, K. T., Tang, J. A., Proudfoot, J. A., Carley, K. M., Carter, B. S., & Chen, C. C. (2016) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.105 · Cited by 6
“Although Google Scholar has the benefit of capturing a large volume of both clinical and basic science articles, all article citations were manually examined because of data coding concerns.(20) Google Scholar citations were excluded if they did not contain a title in English and did not list a valid year of publicati…”
BackgroundTeasdale, R. M., & Fruin, C. (2017) · Curator The Museum Journal · doi:10.1111/cura.12247 · Cited by 6
The indexing of scholarly open access business journals
Ball, K. (2009) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 6
Understanding Research Impact: A Review of Existing and Emerging Tools for Nursing
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“Google Scholar emerged in November 2004, as Google’s beta product for providing a Googlelike experience while searching scholarly literature (Jacsó, 2005).”
BackgroundIntegration of Collaborative Information Systems in Web 2.0
Topcu, A. E., Mustaçoğlu, A. F., Fox, G., & Cami, A. (2007) · International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid (SKG) · doi:10.1109/skg.2007.243 · Cited by 6
Integration of Collaborative Information Systems in Web 2.0
Topcu, A. E., Mustaçoğlu, A. F., Fox, G., & Cami, A. (2007) · International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid (SKG) · doi:10.1109/skg.2007.137 · Cited by 6
“The major criticism has to do with: (i) scope (GS does not declare which publishers it currently covers; at the same time it is known it does not cover some major publishers, such as Elsevier, American Chemical Society, and Emerald [9, 10]); (ii) coverage (GS does not provide full coverage of the articles from the pub…”
BackgroundBibliometric Profile of an Emerging Journal: Participatory Educational Research
Arslan, R., Orbay, K., & Orbay, M. (2022) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.22.84.9.4 · Cited by 5
“In this software, the Google Scholar index, which is considered the index with the most common scanning network and scans not only printed articles but also many early print and institute stores, has been selected (Doğan, Şencan, & Tonta, 2016; Harzing & Alakangas, 2016; Jacsó, 2005; Jacsó, 2009).”
MethodMarsicano, C. R., & Nichols, A. R. K. (2022) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-022-09631-8 · Cited by 6
“Despite disciplinary differences in article availability in Google Scholar, Neuhaus et al. do assess the platform’s presentation of hyperlinks to open access research articles to be a major benefit to the platform - provided that one understands English.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDahiya, A., Kumar, A., Duggal, S., Singh, P. K., & Dhoundiyal, H. (2022) · Atna Journal of Tourism Studies · doi:10.12727/ajts.28.2 · Cited by 6
“The Google Scholar database has received criticism due to the inaccuracy of the data, such as inconsistencies in the data related to the date of publication and the author's name (Bar-Ilan, 2008; Jacsó, 2005).”
Methodde Oliveira, T. M., & Bomfim, M. V. D. J. (2023) · Tapuya Latin American Science Technology and Society · doi:10.1080/25729861.2023.2218260 · Cited by 5
“…(Mongeon and Paul-Hus 2016; Vélez-Cuartas, Lucio-Arias, and Leydesdor ff 2016; Chavarro, Ràfols, and Tang 2018), and the criticisms regarding the low adequacy of normalization of data from other databases such as Scholar (Jacsó 2005), Dimensions presented itself as a best choice for this study.”
BackgroundInfluentialFalowo, O. I., Kropczynski, J., & Li, C. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications (ISPA) · doi:10.1109/ispa-bdcloud-socialcom-sustaincom59178.2023.00170 · Cited by 5
Kinesiology Faculty Citations Across Academic Rank
Knudson, D. V. (2015) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2015.1082144 · Cited by 5
Five decades of the ACM special interest group on data communications (SIGCOMM)
Iqbal, W., Qadir, J., Hassan, S., Javed, R. T., Mian, A. N., Crowcroft, J., & Gareth Tyson, A. (2019) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/3371934.3371948 · Cited by 5
“We choose Scopus because it contains a reliable, up-to-date and controlled set of citations, rather than open repositories ( e . g ., Google Scholar) that crawl citations from any accessible site [9].”
MethodLund, B. D., & Maurya, S. K. (2021) · Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management · doi:10.1080/09737766.2021.1936272 · Cited by 5
“According to Jacsó (2005) the merits of GS database includes – free accessibility, tools for discovering information, citation records, compatibility with bibliographic management software, resource location and access to library if subscribed, links to related articles, customized searching…”
BackgroundThe Objectivity of National Research Foundation Peer Review Based Ratings in South AfricaPreprint
Fedderke, J. W. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 5
Lampach, N., Phu Nguyen-van, B., & To‐The, N. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3208034 · Cited by 5
Alshehri, F. F., & Alshehri, Z. S. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2220801 · Cited by 4
“The “ Avicennia marina ” keyword was used to find literature in Google Scholar (https://scholar. google.com/) (Jacs � o, 2005), CNKI database (https://oversea.cnki. net/index/) (Li et al., 2014), PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/) (Robinson and Dickersin, 2002), and PubChem…”
MethodShort, But How Short? Analysis of Educational Research Titles
Orbay, K., Fernando, A. M., & Orbay, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251320538 · Cited by 5
“As it is known, the GS database has the widest search network and takes into account not only the citations from the articles, but also the citations from many early published materials such as thesis, books, and scientific reports (Halevi et al., 2017; Jacso´, 2005).”
An empirical analysis of user evaluation factors on attitude and intention of using a search engine
Palanisamy, R., & Sha, W. (2014) · International Journal of Business Information Systems · doi:10.1504/ijbis.2014.059751 · Cited by 4
O wartości informacyjnej testów przyczynowości w sensie Grangera
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“Despite this criticism, the test still has been applied to over 45 thousand studies indexed by the world’s most popular scholar papers search engine (Jasco, 2005).”
MethodGoogle Scholar's Dramatic Coverage Improvement Five Years after Debuta
Chen, X. (2010) · Serials Review · doi:10.1080/00987913.2010.10765321 · Cited by 4
“A frequently cited one is a 2005 study by Péter Jacsó.(7) Jasco found that with a same keyword search, Google Scholar returned only 13,700 hits from the entire nature.”
BackgroundAnálisis de los perfiles de investigadores de Panamá e indicadores bibliométricos de Google Scholar
Murillo, D., Zapata, R., & López, O. R. (2023) · Revista española de Documentación Científica · doi:10.3989/redc.2023.1.1962 · Cited by 4
Unbalanced Multistage Heat Conduction and Mass Diffusion Algorithm in an Educational Digital Library
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“For researchers, The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yuyu Yin . a large number of academic search engines, such as Google Scholar [2], PubMed [3], and arXiv.org [4], have increased searching convenience.”
BackgroundData Collection from the Web for Informetric Purposes
Bar‐Ilan, J. (2019) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02511-3_30 · Cited by 4
Science A&I Database Holdings at ARL and Oberlin Group Libraries, 2011–2016: A Longitudinal Study
Klassen, T. W. (2020) · College & Research Libraries · doi:10.5860/crl.81.2.215 · Cited by 4
“14 That said, despite librarian concerns about GS’s provenance and precision, science librarians know that our users are consulting it exten-218 March 2020 sively.”
BackgroundWhy Did You Not Compare with That? Identifying Papers for Use as Baselines
Bedi, M., Pandey, T., Bhatia, S., & Chakraborty, T. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99736-6_4 · Cited by 4
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Chiroque-Solano, R., & Padilla-Santoyo, P. (2009) · E-LIS Repository (University of Naples Federico II) · Cited by 4
Citation-Based Findings are (Largely) a Function of Method of Analysis: A Comment on Black (2012)
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BackgroundBibliometrics and citation analysis for the psychologist-manager: A review and select readings.
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Danesh, F., Fattahi, R., & Dayani, M. H. (2016) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/0961000616632866 · Cited by 4
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“Jedna z głównych krytyk dotyczy właśnie braku informacji, jakie źródła podczas indeksowania są brane pod uwagę i jaka jest ich selekcja (Jacsó 2005; Kousha i Thelwall 2008).”
Olanipekun, A. O. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.112501 · Cited by 6
Mapping the Research Landscape of Digital Twin Integration in 5G/6G Networks: A Scientometric Study
Bhatia, M., & Pallvi (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3627646 · Cited by 3
“S CIENTOMETRIC A NALYSIS The scientometric analysis of the research domain begins with selecting a suitable data source, such as Scopus [49], Web of Science (WoS) [50], Google Scholar [51], or Dimensions [52].”
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BackgroundKnowledge, attitude and application of computer by Bachelor Level Nursing students
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A two-sided academic landscape: portrait of highly-cited documents in Google Scholar (1950-2013)Preprint
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“These errors have been already studied and classified (Jacsó, 2005; 2006; Bar-Ilan 2010; Jacsó 2008a; 2008b; 2012).”
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The integration of emerging technologies in defense: A scientometric overview
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Learning of Highly-Filtered Data Manifold Using Spectral Methods
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BackgroundPopularität und Relevanz in der Suche
Behnert, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37512-6 · Cited by 1
Hiyal (Legal Stratagems) in Islamic Finance: Systematic Literature Review
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BackgroundThe emergence of externally active representative bureaucracy, a narrative review
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Visibilidad de la Revista Médica Herediana. Una revisión mediante Google Scholar
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CITATION ANALYSIS OF URBAN PLANNING SCHOLARS IN THE U.S.
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Looking deeper into academic citations through network analysis: popularity, influence and impact
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“Like any other product, GS has its pros and cons [25].”
BackgroundThe Sixth Estate – The Rule of Algorithms
Batko, R., & Kreft, J. (2017) · Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues · doi:10.7172/1644-9584.68.11 · Cited by 2
“The concept of the rule of algorithms/the Sixth Estate presented here has significant social consequences which are mainly connected with the functioning of search machines and, generally, with interactions with the Internet: - searching for information from other people is replaced by asking questions to machines; se…”
BackgroundInfluentialEBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) Usage in Israeli Academic Libraries
Greenberg, R. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.89453 · Cited by 2
Knowledge, attitude and application of computer by Bachelor Level Nursing students
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What Google-based data can tell us about information systems theory: A review
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How Scholarly Is Google Scholar? A Comparison of Google Scholar to Library Databases
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Chumbe, S., MacLeod, R., & Kennedy, M. (2007) · E-LIS Repository (University of Naples Federico II) · Cited by 2
Mulpeter, D. (2009) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2
Hoepner, A. G. F., McMillan, D. G., & Fraser, M. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1409661 · Cited by 2
König, R. R., & Nentwich, M. (2012) · doi:10.1553/ita-pb-a52-3 · Cited by 2
INDEXING OF MAPING SCIENCE JOURNALS
Stojanovski, J., Frančula, N., & Lapaine, M. (2015) · GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY · doi:10.24057/2071-9388-2015-8-1-27-52 · Cited by 2
The Measurable Me: The Influence of Self-tracking on the User Experience
Sjöklint, M. (2015) · OpenArchive@CBS (Copenhagen Business School) · Cited by 2
Searching the Literature: A Simple Step-Wise Process for Evidence-Based Medicine
Larson, K. C., Jung, S. G., & Albon, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Pharmacy Technology · doi:10.1177/8755122519849885 · Cited by 2
A Phaeodactylum tricornutum literature database for interactive annotation of content
Gallina, A. A., Layer, M., King, Z. A., Levering, J., Palsson, B. Ø., Zengler, K., & Peers, G. (2016) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.06.020 · Cited by 1
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Febrianti, M. A., Qurtubi, Q., Jaafar, H. S., Faisol, N., & Zulkeflee, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems · doi:10.12785/ijcds/140151 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Jacsó, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacsó, Péter
- ORCID
- Jacsó, Péter
- Venue
- Online Information Review
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2005-04-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 208-214
- ISSN
- 1468-4527 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1993451046
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 66.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Online Information Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Library Science and Information
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Keywords
- Google Scholar, search engines, scientific information retrieval, information discovery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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